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Introduction

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Childhood, Youth and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Europe

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood ((PSHC))

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Abstract

The introduction sets out the aims and scope of the volume. It provides an overview of the history and situations of the different religious groups discussed in the various chapters; the authors also discuss the thematic sections the book is divided into, and some of the themes and issues which recur across the various chapters.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    A. Hamilton (ed.), The Chronicle of the English Augustinian Canonesses Regular of the Lateran: at St. Monica’s in Louvain (now at St Augustine’s Priory, Newton Abbot, Devon) vol.1 1548–1625, vol.2 1625–44 (Edinburgh: Sands & co., 1904), vol.1 p. 198–9.

  2. 2.

    See Dagmar Freist’s use of this interpretation in ‘Crossing religious borders: the experience of religious difference and its impact on mixed marriages in eighteenth-century Germany’, in C. Scott Dixon, D. Freist and M. Greengrass (eds.), Living with religious diversity in early modern Europe (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009), pp. 202–223 at pp. 204–7; K. von Greyerz, trans. T. Dunlap, Religion and Culture in early modern Europe 1500–1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) pp. 40–45.

  3. 3.

    For example, Scott Dixon et al. Living with religious diversity; A.M. Walsham, Charitable Hatred: tolerance and intolerance in England 1500–1700 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006); H. Louthan et al. (eds.) Diversity and Dissent: Negotiating religious difference in Central Europe, 1500–1800 (Oxford: Berghahn Books, Incorporated, 2011).

  4. 4.

    Examples include C. Gribben & R.S. Spurlock (eds) Puritans and Catholics in the Trans-Atlantic World 1600–1800 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015); B. Kaplan, B. Moore, H. van Nierop, J. Pollmann (eds.), Catholic Communities in Protestant States: Britain and the Netherlands c.1570–1720 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009); Charles H. Parker, ‘Paying for the privilege: the management of public order and religious pluralism in two early modern societies’ in Journal of World History 17:3 (2006), pp. 267–296.

  5. 5.

    For example, K. Barclay, K. Reynolds, C. Rawnsley (eds.) Death, Emotion and Childhood in Pre-Modern Europe (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016); M. Muravyeva and R.M. Toivo (eds.), Parricide and Violence Against Parents throughout History (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).

  6. 6.

    Naomi J. Miller and Naomi Yavneh (eds.) Gender and Early Modern Constructions of Childhood (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011); K. Moncrief (ed.), Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013); G.E. Coolidge, (ed.) The Formation of the Child in Early Modern Spain (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014); C.D. Fletcher Richard II: Manhood, Youth and Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008); M.K. Averett (ed.), The Early Modern Child in Art and History (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2015); Barclay et al. Death, Emotion and Childhood; H. Newton, The Sick Child in Early Modern England, 1580–1720 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

  7. 7.

    Cf some of Barclay’s and Reynolds’ remarks in ‘Introduction: Small Graves: Histories of Childhood, Death and Emotion’ in Barclay et al. Death, Emotion and Childhood pp. 1–24.

  8. 8.

    C.J. Sommerville, The Discovery of Childhood in Puritan England (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1992); C. Luke, Pedagogy, Printing and Protestantism: the discourse on childhood (New York: SUNY Press, 1989).

  9. 9.

    See, for example, A. Classen (ed.) Childhood in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: the results of a paradigm shift in the history of mentality (Berlin, 2005); L. Underwood, Childhood, Youth and Religious Dissent in post-Reformation England (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); K. Eisenbichler, The Boys of the Archangel Raphael: A youth confraternity in Florence, 1411–1785 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); K. Carter, Creating Catholics: catechism and primary education in early modern france (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2011); O. Logan, ‘Counter-Reformatory theories of upbringing in Italy’, in D. Wood (ed.) The Church and childhood (Studies in Church History 31) (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), pp. 275–284.

  10. 10.

    A. Bellavitis, ‘Education’ in Cavallo, Sandra, and Silvia Evangelisti, eds. A Cultural History of Childhood and Family. Vol. 3, A Cultural History of Childhood and Family in the Early Modern Age. (Oxford: Berg, 2010)

  11. 11.

    Carter, Creating Catholics; I. Green, The Christian’s ABC: Catechisms and catechising in England c.1520–1740 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); G. Scott, ‘The poor man’s catechism’, Recusant History 27:3 (2005), pp. 373–82.

  12. 12.

    A. Ryrie, Being Protestant in Reformation Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013), pp. 428–41; D.B. Hindmarsh, The Evangelical Conversion Narrative (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) pp. 33–60; N. Pettit, The Heart Prepared: grace and conversion in puritan spiritual life (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1966) pp. 190–7; L. Underwood, ‘Youth, religious identity and autobiography at the English colleges of Rome and Valladolid 1592–1685’ in Historical Journal 55:2 (2012) 349–74; B.B. Diefendorf, ‘Give us back our children: patriarchal authority and parental consent to religious vocation in early counter-Reformation France’ The Journal of Modern History 68:2 (1996), pp. 265–307.

  13. 13.

    For example, it seems from the index that Hugh Cunningham fails to mention Jews, Huguenots, Calvinists, and Anabaptists, (there are a few references to puritans): H. Cunningham, Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500 (Harlow & New York, NY: Pearson Longman, 2005). The index to Cavallo & Evangelisti, A Cultural History of Childhood and Family refers to Jews, and puritanism, with one reference to Quakers.

  14. 14.

    T. Berner, In Their Own Way: children and childhood in early modern Ashkenaz, (Zalman Shazar Center, Jerusalem [in Hebrew], 2017); A. French, Children of Wrath; Possession, prophecy and the young (Farnham: Ashgate, 2015) L. Underwood, Childhood, Youth and Religious Dissent in post-Reformation England (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); R. Lieberman, L. Bernfeld, H. Davidson, C. Galasso, Cristina & D. Graizbord, Sephardi Family Life in the Early Modern Diaspora (Waltham: Brandeis University Press, 2010).

  15. 15.

    For further discussion of the history of the field: H. Berry and E. Foyster (eds) The Family in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 1–8; T.K. Hareven & A. Plakans (eds.) Family History at the Crossroads: A “Journal of Family History” Reader (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988).

  16. 16.

    P. Griffiths, Youth and Authority: formative experiences in England 1560–1640 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); Underwood, Childhood, youth and religious dissent.

  17. 17.

    Besides the persecutions of the Jews of Vienna in 1420–1421 (The Vienna gezerah) the most noticeable expulsions are: Cologne (1424), Saxony (1432), Speyer (1435), Breslau (1453), Regensburg (1515). In the few remaining urban Jewish communities, such as Frankfurt am Main, Jews were confined to the small living quarters. For a history of Jews in mediaeval Germany: M. Breuer, “The Jewish Middle Ages”, M. A. Meyer (ed.), German-Jewish History in Modern Times, vol I: Tradition and Enlightenment, 1600–1780. (New York NY: Columbia University Press, 1996), pp. 7–77.

  18. 18.

    N. Terpstra, Religious Refugees in the Early Modern World: An alternative history of the Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2015), p. 2.

  19. 19.

    Breuer, “The Jewish Middle Ages”, pp. 75–77.

  20. 20.

    For an overview of the cultural and daily life of German Jews: R. Liberlis, ‘On the threshold of modernity: 1618–1780’, in M. Kaplan (ed.) Jewish Daily Life in Germany, 1618–1945, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 9–92.

  21. 21.

    See P. Collinson, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (London: Jonathan Cape, 1967).

  22. 22.

    For puritanism, see J. Coffey and P.C.H. Lim (eds.) The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), especially J. Craig, ‘The growth of English puritanism’, pp. 34–37; A. Milton ‘Puritanism and the continental Reformed churches’, pp. 109–126; F.J. Bremer, ‘The puritan experiment in New England, 1630–1660’, pp. 127–142; P. Lake, ‘The historiography of puritanism’, pp. 346–71.

  23. 23.

    M.R. Watts, The Dissenters (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3 vols., 1978) vol.I pp. 221–7, 247–49.

  24. 24.

    Watts, The Dissenters vol.I pp. 263–7, 482–90; R.W. Davis, ‘The strategy of “Dissent” in the repeal campgain, 1820–1828’ in Journal of Modern History 38:4 (Dec., 1966), pp. 374–393; K.R.M. Short, ‘The English indemnity Acts 1726–1867’, Church History 42:3 (1973) pp. 366–376.

  25. 25.

    R.C. Allen, ‘Restoration Quakerism, 166–1691’ and R. Rogers Healey, ‘Quietist Quakerism, 1691-c.1805’ in S.W. Angell & P. Dandelion (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Quaker Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).

  26. 26.

    There is a wide literature on English Catholicism, but general overviews are scarce. They include J. Bossy, The English Catholic Community 1570–1850 (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1975); M.A. Mullett, Catholics in Britain and Ireland, 1558–1829 (Basing stoke: Macmillan, 1998). A.M. Walsham, Church Papists: Catholicism, conformity and confessional polemic in early modern England (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 1993) is the seminal work on outward conformity.

  27. 27.

    M. Prestwich, ‘Calvinism in France, 1555–1629’ in M. Prestwich (ed.), International Calvinism, 1541–1715 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985) pp. 71–107; A.A. Tulchin, ‘The Michelade in Nîmes, 1567’ in French Historical Studies 29:1 (2006), 1–36.

  28. 28.

    E. Labrousse, ‘Calvinism in France, 1598–1685’ in Prestwich, International Calvinism p. 285–314.

  29. 29.

    P. Joutard, ‘The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: end or renewal of French Protestantism?’ in Prestwich, International Calvinism pp. 339–368.

  30. 30.

    C.H. Parker, ‘Cooperative confessionalisation: lay-clerical collaboration in Dutch Catholic communities during the golden age’ in B. Kaplan et al. (eds)., Catholic Communities in Protestant states: Britain and the Netherlands c.1570–1720 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009); C.H. Parker, ‘Paying for the privilege’, pp. 272–5.

  31. 31.

    G.H. Janssen, The Dutch Revolt and Catholic Exile in Reformation Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014) pp. 131–155.

  32. 32.

    W. te Brake, ‘Emblems of coexistence in a confessional world’ in Dixon, Freist and Greengrass, Living with religious diversity, pp. 53–79, at p. 67.

  33. 33.

    F. McCall, Baal’s Priests: Loyalist clergy and the English Revolution (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013); J. Maltby, ‘Suffering and surviving: the civil wars, the Commonwealth and the formation of Anglicanism’ in C. Durston & J. Maltby (eds.), Religion in Revolutionary England (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006) pp. 158–180.

  34. 34.

    Underwood, Childhood, youth and religious dissent pp. 56–8.

  35. 35.

    See Underwood, Childhood, youth and religious dissent.

  36. 36.

    See, for example, Carter, Creating Catholics; C. Villaseñor Black, ‘Paintings of the education of the Virgin Mary and the lives of girls in early modern Spain’ in Grace E. Coolidge (ed.) The Formation of the Child in Early Modern Spain (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014); A.C.F. Beales, Education under Penalty: English Catholic education from the Reformation to the fall of James II, 1547–1689 (London: University of London, Athlone Press, 1963); Underwood, Childhood, youth and religious dissent pp. 51–60, 75–112; J.R. Watt, ‘Calvinism, childhood, and education: The evidence from the Genevan Consistory’, The Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Summer, 2002), pp. 439–456, J. Couchman, ‘“Our little darlings”: Huguenot children and child-rearing in the letters of Louise de Coligny’ in Miller and Yavneh, Gender and Early Modern Constructions of Childhood.

  37. 37.

    See Berner’s chapter in this volume, also her In Their Own way: and for comparison Underwood, Childhood, youth and religious dissent pp. 51–71; also references in C. Galasso, ‘Religious space, gender, and power in the Sephardi diaspora: the return to Judaism of new Christian men and women in Livorno and Pisa’ in R. Lieberman, L. Bernfeld, H. Davidson, C. Galasso, Cristina & D. Graizbord, Sephardi Family Life in the Early Modern Diaspora (Waltham: Brandeis University Press, 2010), pp. 101–128.

  38. 38.

    See J. Harrington’s chapter in this volume.

  39. 39.

    Underwood, Childhood, Youth and Religious Dissent pp. 19–50.

  40. 40.

    Ibid., pp. 67–71.

  41. 41.

    M.C. Questier, Conversion, Politics and Religion in England 1580–1625 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 172–4.

  42. 42.

    cf. K.P. Luria, ‘The power of conscience? Conversion and confessional boundary-building in early modern France’ in C. Scott Dixon et al., Living with Religious Diversity pp. 109–125, at pp. 109–111.

  43. 43.

    Te Brake, ‘Emblems of coexistence’, pp. 68–74 offers a categorisation of ‘mechanisms’ of survival, of which ‘secrecy’ ‘dissimulation’ ‘casuistry’ and ‘private education’ concern members of the community, while ‘connivance’, ‘toleration’ and ‘indifference’ rely on the actions of third parties.

  44. 44.

    Underwood, Childhood, Youth and Religious Dissent pp. 78–9; A.J. Hawkes, ‘Sir Roger Bradshaigh of Haigh, knight and baronet, 1628–1684’ in Chetham Miscellanies n.s.vol.8, no.5 (1945); M. Blundell, Cavalier: Letters of William Blundell to his friends, 1620–1698 (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1933) pp. 41,183–5, 213.

  45. 45.

    Terpstra, Religious refugees p. 2.

  46. 46.

    H. Schiling Early Modern European Civilization and Its Political and Cultural Dynamism (Lebanon NH: New England University Press, 2008), p. 33–64.

  47. 47.

    Schiling, Early Modern European Civilization, p. 41.

  48. 48.

    Terpstra, Religious Refugees p. 5.

  49. 49.

    Beales, Education under Penalty; C. Bowden, ‘“For the glory of God”: a study of the education of English Catholic women in convents in Flanders and France in the first half of the seventeenth century’ in R. Aldrich, J. Coolahan and F. Simon (eds.), Faiths and Education: Comparative and historical perspectives, Paedagogica Historica Suppl.Series. V. (1999) 77–95.

  50. 50.

    See, for example, A.M. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in Early Modern England 1500–1800 (New Haven, CT & London: Yale University Press, 1995) pp. 297–321, 364–375; Miller and Yavneh Gender and Early Modern Constructions of Childhood; K. Moncrief (ed.), Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013); F. Lacouture, ‘“You will be a man, my son”: signs of masculinity and virility in Italian Renaissance paintings of boys’ in Averett, Early Modern Child in Art and History pp. 99–116.

  51. 51.

    See Underwood’s chapter in this volume, as well as Bernard Capp’s and Naomi Pullin’s.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Tali Berner

  2. University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

    Lucy Underwood

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  1. Tali Berner
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  2. Lucy Underwood
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Correspondence to Lucy Underwood .

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  1. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Tali Berner

  2. University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

    Lucy Underwood

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Berner, T., Underwood, L. (2019). Introduction. In: Berner, T., Underwood, L. (eds) Childhood, Youth and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Europe. Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29199-0_1

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