Abstract
The upper aerodigestive tract is a complex region of human anatomy owing to the diverse and dynamic physiologic functions that it provides. A thorough anatomic understanding provides the basis for comprehending the physiology and pathophysiology of various neurologic laryngeal and pharyngeal diseases. As laryngoscopy, both flexible and direct, has become more common and produces higher resolution images, the importance of maintaining an in-depth understanding of laryngeal anatomy has increased significantly. We discuss pharyngeal and laryngeal anatomy from the luminal perspective to aid in interpreting the laryngoscopic exam. Anatomy is reviewed in a stepwise fashion beginning with the laryngeal skeleton and expanding to include all laryngeal structures. Particular detail is provided for vascular structures in planning microlaryngeal surgery and office-based procedures.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Duflo S, Thibeault S. Anatomy of the larynx and physiology of phonation. In: Merati AL, Bielamowicz SA, editors. Textbook of laryngology. San Diego: Plural Publishing; 2007. p. 31–59.
de Bakker BS, de Bakker HM, Soerdjbalie-Maikoe V, Dikkers FG. The development of the human hyoid-larynx complex revisited. Laryngoscope. 2018;128(8):1829–34.
Gun R, Ozer E. Surgical anatomy of oropharynx and supraglottic larynx for transoral robotic surgery. J Surg Oncol. 2015;112(7):690–6.
Monnier P, editor. Pediatric airway surgery: management of laryngotracheal stenosis in infants and children. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2011.
Canty DJ, Poon L. Superior laryngeal nerve block: an anatomical study comparing two techniques. J Clin Anesth. 2014;26(7):517–22.
Titze IR. Vocal fold physiology: frontiers in basic science. (Vocal fold physiology series, vol. 7). San Diego: Singular Publishing; 1993.
Kendall KA, Leonard RJ, McKenzie S. Airway protection: evaluation with videofluoroscopy. Dysphagia. 2004;19(2):65–70.
Rosen CA, Simpson CB, Rosen CA. Operative techniques in laryngology. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2008.
Arslan IB, Kose I, Ciger E, Demirhan E, Gumussoy M, Cukurova I. Does topical anesthesia using aerosolized lidocaine inhibit the superior laryngeal nerve reflex? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(3):466–72.
Samlan RA, Kunduk M. Visualization of the larynx. In: Flint PW, Haughey BH, Lund VJ, Niparko JK, Robbins KT, Thomas JR, Lesperance MM, editors. Cummings otolaryngology: head and neck surgery. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. p. 834–44.
Kuna S, Insalaco G, Woodson GE. Thyroarytenoid muscle activity during wakefulness and sleep in normal adults. J Appl Physiol. 1988;65(3):1332–9.
Hunter EJ, Titze IR, Alipour F. A three-dimensional model of vocal fold abduction & adduction. J Acoust Soc Am. 2004;115(4):1747–59.
Hobelmann KC, Topf MC, Bar-Ad V, Luginbuhl AJ, Keane WM, Curry JM, Cognetti DM. AJCC-8ed nodal staging does not predict outcomes in surgically managed HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2018;82:138–43.
Sinha P, Harréus U. Malignant neoplasms of the oropharynx. In: Flint PW, Haughey BH, Lund VJ, Niparko JK, Robbins KT, Thomas JR, Lesperance MM, editors. Cummings otolaryngology: head and neck surgery. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. p. 1432–53.
Armstrong WB, Vokes DE, Verma SP. Malignant tumors of the larynx. In: Flint PW, Haughey BH, Lund VJ, Niparko JK, Robbins KT, Thomas JR, Lesperance MM, editors. Cummings otolaryngology: head and neck surgery. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. p. 1601–33.
Noordzij JP, Ossoff R. Anatomy and physiology of the larynx. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2006;39(1):1–10.
Bryant NJ, Woodson GE, Kaufman K, Rosen C, Hengesteg A, Chen N, Yeung D. Human posterior cricoarytenoid muscle compartments: anatomy and mechanics. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122(12):1331–6.
McGarey PO, Barone NA, Freeman M, Daniero JJ. Comorbid dysphagia and dyspnea in muscle tension dysphonia: a global laryngeal musculoskeletal problem. OTO Open. 2018;2(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2473974x18795671.
Woodson GE. Laryngeal and pharyngeal function. In: Flint PW, Haughey BH, Lund VJ, Niparko JK, Robbins KT, Thomas JR, Lesperance MM, editors. Cummings otolaryngology: head and neck surgery. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. p. 825–33.
Perotti P, Ferrari M, Montalto N, Lancini D, Paderno A, Incandela F, et al. Anatomical cadaver study of endolaryngeal vascularization: focus on the glottis, supraglottis, and subglottis from the transoral microsurgical point of view. Front Oncol. 2018;8:138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2018.00138.
Martín-Oviedo C, Maranillo E, Sañudo JR, Pérez-Lloret P, Verdú E, Martínez-Guirado T, et al. The human laryngeal innervation revisited. The role of the neural connections. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2019;302(4):646–51.
Monfared A, Kim D, Jaikumar S, Gorti G, Kam A. Microsurgical anatomy of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. Neurosurgery. 2001;49(4):925–33.
Naidu L, Lazarus L, Partab P, Satyapal KS. Laryngeal nerve “anastomoses”. Folia Morphol. 2014;73(1):30–6.
Morton RP, Whitfield P, Al-Ali S. Anatomical and surgical considerations of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve: a systematic review. Clin Otolaryngol. 2006;31(5):368–74.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gilbow, R.C., Daniero, J.J. (2020). Anatomy from the Inside Out. In: Weissbrod, P., Francis, D. (eds) Neurologic and Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Larynx. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28852-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28852-5_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-28851-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-28852-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)