Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Behavioural and Educational Outcomes Following Extremely Preterm Birth: Current Controversies and Future Directions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Emerging Topics and Controversies in Neonatology

Abstract

As a consequence of improved survival rates for extremely preterm (EP; <28 weeks of gestation) births, there is a growing body of evidence detailing the impact of extreme prematurity on outcomes throughout childhood and adolescence. Historically, attention first focused on documenting rates of sensory impairments and severe neurodevelopmental disabilities. However, over recent years, there has been growing interest in the impact of EP birth on long term mental health and educational outcomes. In this chapter we review literature relating to the impact of EP birth on attention, social and emotional problems, psychiatric disorders and educational outcomes. We also outline current controversies in the field. In particular, we present emergent research exploring developmental trajectories to determine whether the sequelae associated with EP birth represent a developmental delay or persistent deficit, and we consider what approaches to intervention may be most fruitful in improving behavioural and educational outcomes in this population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mathewson KJ, Chow CH, Dobson KG, Pope EI, Schmidt LA, Van Lieshout RJ. Mental health of extremely low birth weight survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2017;143(4):347–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gire C, Resseguier N, Brevaut-Malaty V, Marret S, Cambonie G, Souksi-Medioni I, et al. Quality of life of extremely preterm school-age children without major handicap: a cross-sectional observational study. Arch Dis Child. 2019;104(4):333–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Johnson S, Marlow N. Preterm birth and childhood psychiatric disorders. Pediatr Res. 2011;69(5):11r–8r.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Johnson S, Wolke D. Behavioural outcomes and psychopathology during adolescence. Early Hum Dev. 2013;89(4):199–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hille ETM, den Ouden AL, Saigal S, Wolke D, Lambert M, Whitaker A, et al. Behavioural problems in children who weigh 1000g or less at birth in four countries. Lancet. 2001;357:1641–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Farooqi A, Hagglof B, Sedin G, Gothefors L, Serenius F. Mental health and social competencies of 10- to 12-year-old children born at 23 to 25 weeks of gestation in the 1990s: a Swedish national prospective follow-up study. Pediatrics. 2007;120(1):118–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Scott MN, Taylor HG, Fristad MA, Klein N, Espy KA, Minich N, et al. Behavior disorders in extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight children in kindergarten. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2012;33(3):202–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Woodward LJ, Moor S, Hood KM, Champion PR, Foster-Cohen S, Inder TE, et al. Very preterm children show impairments across multiple neurodevelopmental domains by age 4 years. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009;94(5):F339–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Delobel-Ayoub M, Arnaud C, White-Koning M, Casper C, Pierrat V, Garel M, et al. Behavioral problems and cognitive performance at 5 years of age after very preterm birth: the EPIPAGE study. Pediatrics. 2009;123(6):1485–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Delobel-Ayoub M, Kaminski M, Marret S, Burguet A, Marchand L, N'Guyen S, et al. Behavioural outcome at 3 years of age in very preterm infants: the EPIPAGE study. Pediatrics. 2006;117(6):1996–2005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Elgen SK, Leversen KT, Grundt JH, Hurum J, Sundby AB, Elgen IB, et al. Mental health at 5 years among children born extremely preterm: a national population-based study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;21(10):583–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Boyd LA, Msall ME, O'Shea TM, Allred EN, Hounshell G, Leviton A. Social-emotional delays at 2 years in extremely low gestational age survivors: correlates of impaired orientation/engagement and emotional regulation. Early Hum Dev. 2013;89(12):925–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Spittle AJ, Treyvaud K, Doyle LW, Roberts G, Lee KJ, Inder TE, et al. Early emergence of behavior and social-emotional problems in very preterm infants. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(9):909–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ritchie K, Bora S, Woodward LJ. Social development of children born very preterm: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57(10):899–918.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Clark CAC, Woodward LJ, Horwood LJ, Moor S. Development of emotional and behavioral regulation in children born extremely preterm and very preterm: biological and social influences. Child Dev. 2008;79(5):1444–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Treyvaud K, Ure A, Doyle LW, Lee KJ, Rogers CE, Kidokoro H, et al. Psychiatric outcomes at age seven for very preterm children: rates and predictors. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54(7):772–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Johnson S, Hollis C, Kochhar P, Hennessy E, Wolke D, Marlow N. Psychiatric disorders in extremely preterm children: longitudinal finding at age 11 years in the EPICure study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49(5):453–63.e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Samara M, Marlow N, Wolke D, for the ESG. Pervasive behavior problems at 6 years of age in a total-population sample of children born at <=25 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics. 2008;122(3):562–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Johnson S, Marlow N. Growing up after extremely preterm birth: lifespan mental health outcomes. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;19(2):97–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Burnett AC, Youssef G, Anderson PJ, Duff J, Doyle LW, Cheong JLY, et al. Exploring the “Preterm Behavioral Phenotype” in children born extremely preterm. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2019;40(3):200–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Burnett AC, Anderson PJ, Cheong J, Doyle LW, Davey CG, Wood SJ. Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in preterm and full-term children, adolescents and young adults: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2011;41(12):2463–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Franz AP, Bolat GU, Bolat H, Matijasevich A, Santos IS, Silveira RC, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and very preterm/very low birth weight: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2018;141(1):e20171645.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Limperopoulos C, Bassan H, Sullivan NR, Soul JS, Robertson RL, Moore M, et al. Positive screening for autism in ex-preterm infants: prevalence and risk factors. Pediatrics. 2008;121:758–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kuban KCK, O'Shea TM, Allred EN, Tager-Flusberg H, Goldstein DJ, Leviton A. Positive screening on the modified checklist for autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) in extremely low gestational age newborns. J Pediatr. 2009;154(4):535–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Moore T, Johnson S, Hennessy E, Marlow N. Screening for autism in extremely preterm infants: problems in interpretation. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54(6):514–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Gray PH, Edwards DM, O’Callaghan MJ, Gibbons K. Screening for autism spectrum disorder in very preterm infants during early childhood. Early Hum Dev. 2015;91(4):271–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Luyster RJ, Kuban KCK, O'Shea TM, Paneth N, Allred EN, Leviton A, et al. The modified checklist for autism in Toddlers in extremely low gestational age newborns: individual items associated with motor, cognitive, vision and hearing limitations. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2011;25(4):366–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kim SH, Joseph RM, Frazier JA, O'Shea TM, Chawarska K, Allred EN, et al. Predictive validity of the modified checklist for autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) born very preterm. J Pediatr. 2016;178:101–7 e2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Agrawal S, Rao SC, Bulsara MK, Patole SK. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in preterm infants: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2018;142(3):e20180134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Elsabbagh M, Divan G, Koh YJ, Kim YS, Kauchali S, Marcin C, et al. Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Autism Res. 2012;5(3):160–79.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Pyhala R, Wolford E, Kautiainen H, Andersson S, Bartmann P, Baumann N, et al. Self-reported mental health problems among adults born preterm: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2017;139(4):e20162690.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Eryigit-Madzwamuse S, Strauss V, Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D. Personality of adults who were born very preterm. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015;100(6):F524–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hack M, Flannery D, Schluchter M, Cartar L, Borawski E, Klein N. Outcomes in young adulthood for very-low-birth-weight infants. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(3):149–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Linsell L, Johnson S, Wolke D, Morris J, Kurinczuk JJ, Marlow N. Trajectories of behavior, attention, social and emotional problems from childhood to early adulthood following extremely preterm birth: a prospective cohort study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28(4):531–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Johnson S, O'Reilly H, Ni Y, Wolke D, Marlow N. Psychiatric symptoms and disorders in extremely preterm young adults at 19 years of age and longitudinal findings from middle childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;S0890–8567(19):30260–6.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Jaekel J, Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D. Mood and anxiety disorders in very preterm/very low-birth weight individuals from 6 to 26 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018;59(1):88–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ask H, Gustavson K, Ystrom E, Havdahl KA, Tesli M, Askeland RB, et al. Association of gestational age at birth with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(8):749–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Johnson S, Kochhar P, Hennessy E, Marlow N, Wolke D, Hollis C. Antecedents of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children born extremely preterm. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2016;37(4):285–97.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Jaekel J, Wolke D, Bartmann P. Poor attention rather than hyperactivity/impulsivity predicts academic achievement in very preterm and full-term adolescents. Psychol Med. 2013;43(1):183–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Shum D, Neulinger K, O'Callaghan M, Mohay H. Attentional problems in children born with very preterm or with extremely low birth weight at 7–9 years. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2008;23:103–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rommel AS, James SN, McLoughlin G, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Asherson P, et al. Association of preterm birth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-like and wider-ranging neurophysiological impairments of attention and inhibition. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(1):40–50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. James SN, Rommel AS, Cheung C, McLoughlin G, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, et al. Association of preterm birth with ADHD-like cognitive impairments and additional subtle impairments in attention and arousal malleability. Psychol Med. 2018;48(9):1484–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Retzler J, Johnson S, Groom M, Hollis C, Budge H, Cragg L. Cognitive predictors of parent-rated inattention in very preterm children: the role of working memory and processing speed. Child Neuropsychol. 2019;25(5):617–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Finke K, Neitzel J, Bauml JG, Redel P, Muller HJ, Meng C, et al. Visual attention in preterm born adults: specifically impaired attentional sub-mechanisms that link with altered intrinsic brain networks in a compensation-like mode. Neuroimage. 2015;107:95–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Alduncin N, Huffman LC, Feldman HM, Loe IM. Executive function is associated with social competence in preschool-aged children born preterm or full term. Early Hum Dev. 2014;90(6):299–306.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Kroll J, Karolis V, Brittain PJ, Tseng CJ, Froudist-Walsh S, Murray RM, et al. Real-life impact of executive function impairments in adults who were born very preterm. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2017;23(5):381–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Mulder H, Pitchford NJ, Marlow N. Inattentive behaviour is associated with poor working memory and slow processing speed in very pre-term children in middle childhood. Br J Educ Psychol. 2011;81(Pt 1):147–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Aarnoudse-Moens CS, Weisglas-Kuperus N, Duivenvoorden HJ, van Goudoever JB, Oosterlaan J. Executive function and IQ predict mathematical and attention problems in very preterm children. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55994.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Loe IM, Feldman HM, Huffman LC. Executive function mediates effects of gestational age on functional outcomes and behavior in preschoolers. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2014;35(5):323–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Brydges CR, Landes JK, Reid CL, Campbell C, French N, Anderson M. Cognitive outcomes in children and adolescents born very preterm: a meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018;60(5):452–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Aarnoudse-Moens CS, Weisglas-Kuperus N, van Goudoever JB, Oosterlaan J. Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children. Pediatrics. 2009;124(2):717–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Simms V, Gilmore C, Cragg L, Clayton S, Marlow N, Johnson S. Nature and origins of mathematics difficulties in very preterm children: a different etiology than developmental dyscalculia. Pediatr Res. 2015;77(2):389–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Reid LD, Strobino DM. A population-based study of school readiness determinants in a large urban public school district. Matern Child Health J. 2019;23(3):325–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Pritchard VE, Bora S, Austin NC, Levin KJ, Woodward LJ. Identifying very preterm children at educational risk using a school readiness framework. Pediatrics. 2014;134(3):e825–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Roberts G, Lim J, Doyle LW, Anderson PJ. High rates of school readiness difficulties at 5 years of age in very preterm infants compared with term controls. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2011;32(2):117–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Taylor R, Pascoe L, Scratch S, Doyle LW, Anderson P, Roberts G. A simple screen performed at school entry can predict academic under-achievement at age seven in children born very preterm. J Paediatr Child Health. 2016;52(7):759–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Quigley MA, Poulsen G, Boyle E, Wolke D, Field D, Alfirevic Z, et al. Early term and late preterm birth are associated with poorer school performance at age 5 years: a cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2012;97(3):F167–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Chan E, Quigley MA. School performance at age 7 years in late preterm and early term birth: a cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2014;99(6):F451–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lee M, Pascoe JM, McNicholas CI. Reading, mathematics and fine motor skills at 5 years of age in US children who were extremely premature at birth. Matern Child Health J. 2017;21(1):199–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hutchinson EA, De Luca CR, Doyle LW, Roberts G, Anderson PJ, Group VICS. School-age outcomes of extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight children. Pediatrics. 2013;131(4):e1053–e61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Joseph RM, O’Shea TM, Allred EN, Heeren T, Hirtz D, Jara H, et al. Neurocognitive and academic outcomes at age 10 years of extremely preterm newborns. Pediatrics. 2016;137(4):e20154343.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Johnson S, Hennessy E, Smith R, Trikic R, Wolke D, Marlow N. Academic attainment and special educational needs in extremely preterm children at 11 years. The EPICure Study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009;94:F283–F9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Johnson S, Wolke D, Hennessy E, Marlow N. Educational outcomes in extremely preterm children: neuropsychological correlates and predictors of attainment. Dev Neuropsychol. 2011;36(1):74–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Doyle LW, Cheong JL, Burnett A, Roberts G, Lee KJ, Anderson PJ. Biological and social influences on outcomes of extreme-preterm/low-birth weight adolescents. Pediatrics. 2015;136(6):e1513–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Hallin A-L, Hellström-Westas L, Stjernqvist K. Follow-up of adolescents born extremely preterm: cognitive function and health at 18 years of age. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(9):1401–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Mathiasen R, Hansen BM, Andersen AM, Forman JL, Greisen G. Gestational age and basic school achievements: a national follow-up study in Denmark. Pediatrics. 2010;126(6):e1553–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. MacKay DF, Smith GC, Dobbie R, Pell JP. Gestational age at delivery and special educational need: retrospective cohort study of 407,503 schoolchildren. PLoS Med. 2010;7(6):e1000289.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Basten M, Jaekel J, Johnson S, Gilmore C, Wolke D, et al. Psychol Sci. 2015;26(10):1608–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Bilgin A, Mendonca M, Wolke D. Preterm birth/low birth weight and markers reflective of wealth in adulthood: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2018;142(1):e20173625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Linsell L, Johnson S, Wolke D, O’Reilly H, Morris JK, Kurinczuk JJ, et al. Cognitive trajectories from infancy to early adulthood following birth before 26 weeks of gestation: a prospective, population-based cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2018;103(4):363–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Breeman LD, Jaekel J, Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D. Preterm cognitive function into adulthood. Pediatrics. 2015;136(3):415–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Twilhaar ES, de Kieviet JF, van Elburg RM, Oosterlaan J. Academic trajectories of very preterm born children at school age. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018;104(4):F419–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Odd D, Evans D, Emond AM. Prediction of school outcome after preterm birth: a cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2019;104(4):348–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Spittle AJ, Cameron K, Doyle LW, Cheong JL, Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group. Motor impairment trends in extremely preterm children: 1991–2005. Pediatrics. 2018;141(4):e20173410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Cheong JLY, Anderson PJ, Burnett AC, Roberts G, Davis N, Hickey L, et al. Changing neurodevelopment at 8 years in children born extremely preterm since the 1990s. Pediatrics. 2017;139(6):e20164086.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Burnett AC, Anderson PJ, Lee KJ, Roberts G, Doyle LW, Cheong JLY, et al. Trends in executive functioning in extremely preterm children across 3 birth eras. Pediatrics. 2018;141(1):e20171958.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Spittle A, Orton J, Anderson PJ, Boyd R, Doyle LW. Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairment in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;11:CD005495.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Symington A, Pinelli J. Developmental care for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2):CD001814.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Akshoomoff N, Joseph RM, Taylor HG, Allred EN, Heeren T, O'Shea TM, et al. Academic achievement deficits and their neuropsychological correlates in children born extremely preterm. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2017;38(8):627–37.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Simms V, Cragg L, Gilmore C, Marlow N, Johnson S. Mathematics difficulties in children born very preterm: current research and future directions. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2013;98(5):F457–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Jaekel J, Wolke D. Preterm birth and dyscalculia. J Pediatr. 2014;164(6):1327–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Tatsuoka C, McGowan B, Yamada T, Espy KA, Minich N, Taylor HG. Effects of extreme prematurity on numerical skills and executive function in kindergarten children: an application of partially ordered classification modeling. Learn Individ Differ. 2016;49:332–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Mulder H, Pitchford NJ, Marlow N. Processing speed and working memory underlie academic attainment in very preterm children. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2010;95(4):F267–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Grunewaldt KH, Lohaugen GC, Austeng D, Brubakk AM, Skranes J. Working memory training improves cognitive function in VLBW preschoolers. Pediatrics. 2013;131(3):e747–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Aarnoudse-Moens CSH, Twilhaar ES, Oosterlaan J, van Veen HG, Prins PJM, van Kaam A, et al. Executive function computerized training in very preterm-born children: a pilot study. Games Health J. 2018;7(3):175–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Anderson PJ, Lee KJ, Roberts G, Spencer-Smith MM, Thompson DK, Seal ML, et al. Long-term academic functioning following cogmed working memory training for children born extremely preterm: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2018;202:92–7 e4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Roberts G, Quach J, Spencer-Smith M, Anderson PJ, Gathercole S, Gold L, et al. academic outcomes 2 years after working memory training for children with low working memory: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(5):e154568.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Melby-Lervag M, Hulme C. Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review. Dev Psychol. 2013;49(2):270–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Johnson MP, Lubker BB, Fowler MG. Teacher needs assessment for the educational management of children with chronic illnesses. J Sch Health. 1988;58(6):232–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Brook U, Galili A. Knowledge and attitudes of high school teachers towards pupils suffering from chronic diseases. Patient Educ Couns. 2001;43(1):37–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Johnson S, Gilmore C, Gallimore I, Jaekel J, Wolke D. The long-term consequences of preterm birth: what do teachers know? Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57(6):571–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Infants EFftCoN. European standards of care for newborn health. Munich, Germany; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Johnson S, Bamber D, Bountziouka V, Clayton S, Cragg L, Gilmore C, et al. Improving developmental and educational support for children born preterm: evaluation of an e-learning resource for education professionals. BMJ Open. 2019;9(6):e029720.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Wolke D, Dosanjh S, Johnson S, Jaekel J, Dantchev S. Delayed school entry for preterm children assessing the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial. 2018. https://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/files/Wolke%2040442%20-%20Nuffield%20report_delayed%20school%20entry%20(Oct17).pdf. Accessed 20 Jun 2019.

  95. Jaekel J, Strauss VY, Johnson S, Gilmore C, Wolke D. Delayed school entry and academic performance: a natural experiment. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:652–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Fastenau PS. Are the data on delayed school entry compelling enough to change policy ... or even pediatrician recommendations? Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57(7):596–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Cirin R, Lubwama J. Delayed School admissions for summer born pupils: Reserach report. Department of Education, her Majesty’s Government; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Eryigit Madzwamuse S, Baumann N, Jaekel J, Bartmann P, Wolke D. Neuro-cognitive performance of very preterm or very low birth weight adults at 26 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56(8):857–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Benavente-Fernandez I, Synnes A, Grunau RE, Chau V, Ramraj C, Galss T, et al. Association of socioeconomic status and brain injury with neurodevelopmental outcomes of very preterm children. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(5):e192914.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Linsell L, Malouf R, Morris J, Kurinczuk JJ, Marlow N. Prognostic factors for poor cognitive development in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(12):1162–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Breeman LD, Jaekel J, Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D. Neonatal predictors of cognitive ability in adults born very preterm: a prospective cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59(5):477–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Twilhaar E, Wade RM, de Kieviet JF, van Goudoever JB, van Elburg RM, Oosterlaan J. Cognitive outcomes of children born extremely or very preterm since the 1990s and associated risk factors: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(4):361–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Editorial WD. Is social inequality in cognitive outcomes increased by preterm birth-related complications? JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(5):e192902.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Zwierzynska K, Wolke D, Lereya TS. Peer victimization in childhood and internalizing problems in adolescence: a prospective longitudinal study. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2013;41(2):309–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Wolke D, Lereya ST. Long-term effects of bullying. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(9):879–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Wolke D, Baumann N, Strauss V, Johnson S, Marlow N. Bullying of preterm children and emotional problems at school age: cross-culturally invariant effects. J Pediatr. 2015;166(6):1417–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Wolke D, Jaekel J, Hall J, Baumann N. Effects of sensitive parenting on the academic resilience of very preterm and very low birth weight adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53(5):642–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Van Lieshout RJ, Boyle MH, Favotto L, Krzeczkowski JE, Savoy C, Saigal S, et al. Impact of extremely low-birth-weight status on risk and resilience for depression and anxiety in adulthood. Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018;59(5):596–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Jaekel J, Pluess M, Belsky J, Wolke D. Effects of maternal sensitivity on low birth weight children’s academic achievement: a test of differential susceptibility versus diathesis stress. Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56(6):693–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, George Davies Centre, Leicester, UK

    Jayne Trickett & Samantha Johnson

  2. School of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

    Dieter Wolke

Authors
  1. Jayne Trickett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Samantha Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dieter Wolke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Samantha Johnson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health Sciences, George Davies Centre for Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

    Elaine M. Boyle

  2. Department of Health Sciences, George Davies Centre for Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

    Jonathan Cusack

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Trickett, J., Johnson, S., Wolke, D. (2020). Behavioural and Educational Outcomes Following Extremely Preterm Birth: Current Controversies and Future Directions. In: Boyle, E., Cusack, J. (eds) Emerging Topics and Controversies in Neonatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28829-7_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28829-7_21

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-28828-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-28829-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation