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Endometriosis, Infertility, and Oocyte Quality

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Abstract

Endometriosis is a gynecological disease characterized by the presence of endometrial glandular and stromal cells existing in the extra-uterine environment. Estimates show that endometriosis affects 10–15% of all women of reproductive age. Approximately, 25–50% of infertile women may be affected by endometriosis and 30–50% patients with endometriosis may suffer from infertility. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the association of endometriosis and infertility, including distorted pelvic anatomy, impaired ovary function, altered microenvironment, affected endometrial receptivity, and reduced oocyte/embryo quality. Patients with endometriosis have inflammatory processes within the increased amount of peritoneal fluid noted. These inflammatory processes and hormonal changes have shown to alter folliculogenesis, sperm motility, tubal transport, and embryo implantation.

Oocyte quality is an important factor in the success of assisted reproductive technology treatment, and the environment of follicle growth has a significant influence on this quality. It is very difficult, however, to directly evaluate oocyte quality. Follicular fluid (FF), however, might reflect the environment during follicle and oocyte growth. Therefore, an evaluation of oxidative stress in the FF might be useful in predicting oocyte quality.

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Abbreviations

ART:

Assisted reproductive technique

COH:

Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation

COS:

Controlled ovarian stimulation

COX-2–PGE2:

Cyclooxygenase-2 prostaglandin-2

FF:

Follicular fluid

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulator factor

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

ICSI:

Intracytoplasmatic sperm injection

IFN-α:

Interferon-α

IL-1:

Interleukin-1

IL-12:

Interleukin-12

IL-2:

Interleukin-2

IL-4:

Interleukin-4

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

IL-8:

Interleukin-8

IVF:

In vitro fertilization

LPO:

Lipid peroxidation

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1

MCs:

Mast cells

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinases

NK:

Natural Killer

NO:

Nitric oxide

OFF:

Ovarian follicular fluid

OS:

Oxidative stress

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PF:

Peritoneal fluid

PG:

Prostaglandin

PP:

Peripheral plasma

ROL:

Retinol

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SOD1:

Superoxide dismutase 1

TAC:

Total antioxidant capacity

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-β

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor 3

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Tinelli, A. et al. (2020). Endometriosis, Infertility, and Oocyte Quality. In: Malvasi, A., Baldini, D. (eds) Pick Up and Oocyte Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28741-2_17

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