Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the overall health of its host. Benefits derived from bacterial members of the gut microbiota can influence host growth, immune response, pathogen colonization, and intestinal physiology. Use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are emerging as effective mechanisms to selectively modulate composition and function of the gut microbiota. This chapter introduces the concept of probiotics and prebiotics from a historic perspective, and attempts to answer the fundamental questions of the impact of probiotics and prebiotics on microbiome composition in health versus disease states, colonization of the human gut by probiotics (is it necessary?), and how the food or product matrix impact probiotic delivery and effect. The conclusion of this chapter focuses on the next generation of probiotics: novel species and bacterial consortia.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alander, M., Satokari, R., Korpela, R., Saxelin, M., Vilpponen-Salmela, T., Mattila-Sandholm, T., & von Wright, A. (1999). Persistence of colonization of human colonic mucosa by a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, after oral consumption. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65(1), 351–354.
Allen, S. J., Martinez, E. G., Gregorio, G. V., & Dans, L. F. (2010). Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11, CD003048.
Ananta, E., Birkeland, S.-E., Corcoran, B. M., Fitzgerald, G., Hinz, S., Klijn, A., Matto, J., Mercenier, A., Nilsson, U., Saarela, C., Stanton, C., Stahl, U., Suomalainen, T., Vincken, J.-P., Virkajarvi, I., Voragen, F., Wesenfeld, J., Wouters, R., & Knorr, D. (2004). Processing effects on the nutritional advancement of probiotics and prebiotics. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 16(2–3), 113–124.
Atlas, R. M. (1999). Probiotics—Snake oil for the new millennium? Environmental Microbiology, 1(5), 377–382.
Azcarate Peril, M. A., Savaiano, D. A., Ritter, A. J., & Klaenhammer, T. (2013). Microbiome alterations of lactose intolerant individuals in response to dietary intervention with galacto-oligosaccharides may help negate symptoms of lactose intolerance. Gastroenterology, 144(5), S-893.
Azcarate-Peril, M. A., Altermann, E., Hoover-Fitzula, R. L., Cano, R. J., & Klaenhammer, T. R. (2004). Identification and inactivation of genetic loci involved with Lactobacillus acidophilus acid tolerance. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(9), 5315–5322.
Azcarate-Peril, M. A., Tallon, R., & Klaenhammer, T. R. (2009). Temporal gene expression and probiotic attributes of Lactobacillus acidophilus during growth in milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(3), 870–886.
Azcarate-Peril, M. A., Sikes, M., & Bruno-Barcena, J. M. (2011). The intestinal microbiota, gastrointestinal environment and colorectal cancer: A putative role for probiotics in prevention of colorectal cancer? American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 301(3), G401–G424.
Azcarate-Peril, M. A., Ritter, A. J., Savaiano, D., Monteagudo-Mera, A., Anderson, C., Magness, S. T., & Klaenhammer, T. R. (2017). Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(3), E367–E375.
Baharav, E., Mor, F., Halpern, M., & Weinberger, A. (2004). Lactobacillus GG bacteria ameliorate arthritis in Lewis rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 134(8), 1964–1969.
Bazanella, M., Maier, T. V., Clavel, T., Lagkouvardos, I., Lucio, M., Maldonado-Gomez, M. X., Autran, C., Walter, J., Bode, L., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., & Haller, D. (2017). Randomized controlled trial on the impact of early-life intervention with bifidobacteria on the healthy infant fecal microbiota and metabolome. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 106(5), 1274–1286.
Bezkorovainy, A. (2001). Probiotics: Determinants of survival and growth in the gut. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(2 Suppl), 399S–405S.
Bindels, L. B., Delzenne, N. M., Cani, P. D., & Walter, J. (2015). Towards a more comprehensive concept for prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 12(5), 303–310.
Bruno-Barcena, J. M., & Azcarate-Peril, M. A. (2015). Galacto-oligosaccharides and colorectal cancer: Feeding our intestinal probiome. Journal of Functional Foods, 12, 92–108.
Bruno-Barcena, J. M., Azcarate-Peril, M. A., & Hassan, H. M. (2010). Role of antioxidant enzymes in bacterial resistance to organic acids. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(9), 2747–2753.
Bruzzese, E., Volpicelli, M., Squeglia, V., Bruzzese, D., Salvini, F., Bisceglia, M., Lionetti, P., Cinquetti, M., Iacono, G., Amarri, S., & Guarino, A. (2009). A formula containing galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides prevents intestinal and extra-intestinal infections: An observational study. Clinical Nutrition, 28(2), 156–161.
Buck, B. L., Azcarate-Peril, M. A., Altermann, E., & Klaenhammer, T. Methods and compositions to modulate adhesion and stress tolerance in bacteria.Google Patents; 2006.
Campbell, A. K., Waud, J. P., & Matthews, S. B. (2005). The molecular basis of lactose intolerance. Science Progress, 88(Pt 3), 157–202.
Cani, P. D., & de Vos, W. M. (2017). Next-generation beneficial microbes: The case of Akkermansia muciniphila. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 1765.
Collins, M. D., & Gibson, G. R. (1999). Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: Approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(5), 1052S–1057S.
Costeloe, K., Bowler, U., Brocklehurst, P., Hardy, P., Heal, P., Juszczak, E., King, A., Panton, N., Stacey, F., Whiley, A., Wilks, M., & Millar, M. R. (2016). A randomised controlled trial of the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve BBG-001 in preterm babies to prevent sepsis, necrotising enterocolitis and death: The Probiotics in Preterm infantS (PiPS) trial. Health Technology Assessment, 20(66), 1–194.
Crovesy, L., Ostrowski, M., Ferreira, D., Rosado, E. L., & Soares-Mota, M. (2017). Effect of Lactobacillus on body weight and body fat in overweight subjects: A systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials. International Journal of Obesity, 41(11), 1607–1614.
Dalli, S. S., Uprety, K., & Rakshit, S. K. (2017). Industrial production of active probiotics for food enrichment. In Y. H. Roos & Y. D. Livney (Eds.), Engineering foods for bioactives stability and delivery. New York: Springer.
Davis, L. M., Martinez, I., Walter, J., Goin, C., & Hutkins, R. W. (2011). Barcoded pyrosequencing reveals that consumption of galactooligosaccharides results in a highly specific bifidogenic response in humans. PLoS One, 6(9), e25200.
Derrien, M., Vaughan, E. E., Plugge, C. M., & de Vos, W. M. (2004). Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54(Pt 5), 1469–1476.
Desmond, C., Fitzgerald, G. F., Stanton, C., & Ross, R. P. (2004). Improved stress tolerance of GroESL-overproducing Lactococcus lactis and probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(10), 5929–5936.
Forssten, S. D., Korczynska, M. Z., Zwijsen, R. M., Noordman, W. H., Madetoja, M., & Ouwehand, A. C. (2013). Changes in satiety hormone concentrations and feed intake in rats in response to lactic acid bacteria. Appetite, 71, 16–21.
Frese, S. A., Hutton, A. A., Contreras, L. N., Shaw, C. A., Palumbo, M. C., Casaburi, G., Xu, G., Davis, J. C. C., Lebrilla, C. B., Henrick, B. M., Freeman, S. L., Barile, D., German, J. B., Mills, D. A., Smilowitz, J. T., & Underwood, M. A. (2017). Persistence of supplemented Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis EVC001 in breastfed infants. mSphere, 2(6), e00501–e00517.
Fujita, K., Oura, F., Nagamine, N., Katayama, T., Hiratake, J., Sakata, K., Kumagai, H., & Yamamoto, K. (2005). Identification and molecular cloning of a novel glycoside hydrolase family of core 1 type O-glycan-specific endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Bifidobacterium longum. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280(45), 37415–37422.
Ganji-Arjenaki, M., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2018). Probiotics are a good choice in remission of inflammatory bowel diseases: A meta analysis and systematic review. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 233(3), 2091–2103.
Gibson, G. R., & Roberfroid, M. B. (1995). Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota—Introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition, 125(6), 1401–1412.
Goldenberg, J. Z., Lytvyn, L., Steurich, J., Parkin, P., Mahant, S., & Johnston, B. C. (2015). Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD004827.
Goldin, B., & Gorbach, S. L. (1977). Alterations in fecal microflora enzymes related to diet, age, lactobacillus supplements, and dimethylhydrazine. Cancer, 40(5 Suppl), 2421–2426.
Govender, M., Choonara, Y. E., Kumar, P., du Toit, L. C., van Vuuren, S., & Pillay, V. (2014). A review of the advancements in probiotic delivery: Conventional vs. non-conventional formulations for intestinal flora supplementation. AAPS PharmSciTech, 15(1), 29–43.
Hamilton-Miller, J. M., Gibson, G. R., & Bruck, W. (2003). Some insights into the derivation and early uses of the word ‘probiotic’. The British Journal of Nutrition, 90(4), 845.
Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R., Merenstein, D. J., Pot, B., Morelli, L., Canani, R. B., Flint, H. J., Salminen, S., Calder, P. C., & Sanders, M. E. (2014). Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 11(8), 506–514.
Holscher, H. D., Faust, K. L., Czerkies, L. A., Litov, R., Ziegler, E. E., Lessin, H., Hatch, T., Sun, S., & Tappenden, K. A. (2012). Effects of prebiotic-containing infant formula on gastrointestinal tolerance and fecal microbiota in a randomized controlled trial. JPEN Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 36(1 Suppl), 95S–105S.
Iqbal, S., Nguyen, T. H., Nguyen, T. T., Maischberger, T., & Haltrich, D. (2010). beta-Galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1: Biochemical characterization and formation of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides. Carbohydrate Research, 345(10), 1408–1416.
Iqbal, S., Nguyen, T. H., Nguyen, H. A., Maischberger, T., Kittl, R., & Haltrich, D. (2011). Characterization of a heterodimeric GH2 beta-galactosidase from Lactobacillus sakei Lb790 and formation of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(8), 3803–3811.
Isolauri, E., Juntunen, M., Rautanen, T., Sillanaukee, P., & Koivula, T. (1991). A human Lactobacillus strain (Lactobacillus casei sp strain GG) promotes recovery from acute diarrhea in children. Pediatrics, 88(1), 90–97.
Jabr, F. Do probiotics really work? Scientific American. 2017.
Kalliomaki, M., Salminen, S., Arvilommi, H., Kero, P., Koskinen, P., & Isolauri, E. (2001). Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 357(9262), 1076–1079.
Karczewski, J., Troost, F. J., Konings, I., Dekker, J., Kleerebezem, M., Brummer, R. J., & Wells, J. M. (2010). Regulation of human epithelial tight junction proteins by Lactobacillus plantarum in vivo and protective effects on the epithelial barrier. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 298(6), G851–G859.
Kekkonen, R. A., Lummela, N., Karjalainen, H., Latvala, S., Tynkkynen, S., Jarvenpaa, S., Kautiainen, H., Julkunen, I., Vapaatalo, H., & Korpela, R. (2008). Probiotic intervention has strain-specific anti-inflammatory effects in healthy adults. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 14(13), 2029–2036.
Lee, B., Yin, X., Griffey, S. M., & Marco, M. L. (2015). Attenuation of colitis by Lactobacillus casei BL23 is dependent on the dairy delivery matrix. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(18), 6425–6435.
Li, J., Lin, S., Vanhoutte, P. M., Woo, C. W., & Xu, A. (2016). Akkermansia muciniphila protects against atherosclerosis by preventing metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in Apoe−/− mice. Circulation, 133(24), 2434–2446.
Lilly, D. M., & Stillwell, R. H. (1965). Probiotics: Growth-promoting factors produced by microorganisms. Science, 147(3659), 747–748.
Liu, S., Hu, P., Du, X., Zhou, T., & Pei, X. (2013). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation for preventing respiratory infections in children: A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Indian Pediatrics, 50(4), 377–381.
LoCascio, R. G., Desai, P., Sela, D. A., Weimer, B., & Mills, D. A. (2010). Broad conservation of milk utilization genes in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis as revealed by comparative genomic hybridization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(22), 7373–7381.
Maischberger, T., Leitner, E., Nitisinprasert, S., Juajun, O., Yamabhai, M., Nguyen, T. H., & Haltrich, D. (2010). Beta-galactosidase from Lactobacillus pentosus: Purification, characterization and formation of galacto-oligosaccharides. Biotechnology Journal, 5(8), 838–847.
Metchnikoff, I. I., & Mitchell, P. (2004). Prolongation of life: Optimistic studies. New York: Springer.
Monteagudo-Mera, A., Arthur, J. C., Jobin, C., Keku, T. O., Bruno Barcena, J. M., & Azcarate-Peril, M. A. (2016). High purity galacto-oligosaccharides enhance specific Bifidobacterium species and their metabolic activity in the mouse gut microbiome. Beneficial Microbes, 3, 1–18.
Nguyen, T. H., Splechtna, B., Steinbock, M., Kneifel, W., Lettner, H. P., Kulbe, K. D., & Haltrich, D. (2006). Purification and characterization of two novel beta-galactosidases from Lactobacillus reuteri. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(14), 4989–4998.
Nguyen, T. H., Splechtna, B., Krasteva, S., Kneifel, W., Kulbe, K. D., Divne, C., & Haltrich, D. (2007). Characterization and molecular cloning of a heterodimeric beta-galactosidase from the probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus R22. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 269(1), 136–144.
Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, H. A., Arreola, S. L., Mlynek, G., Djinovic-Carugo, K., Mathiesen, G., Nguyen, T. H., & Haltrich, D. (2012). Homodimeric beta-galactosidase from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM 20081: Expression in Lactobacillus plantarum and biochemical characterization. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(7), 1713–1721.
Nishimoto, M., & Kitaoka, M. (2007). Identification of N-acetylhexosamine 1-kinase in the complete lacto-N-biose I/galacto-N-biose metabolic pathway in Bifidobacterium longum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(20), 6444–6449.
O’Toole, P. W., Marchesi, J. R., & Hill, C. (2017). Next-generation probiotics: The spectrum from probiotics to live biotherapeutics. Nature Microbiology, 2, 17057.
Oozeer, R., Leplingard, A., Mater, D. D., Mogenet, A., Michelin, R., Seksek, I., Marteau, P., Dore, J., Bresson, J. L., & Corthier, G. (2006). Survival of Lactobacillus casei in the human digestive tract after consumption of fermented milk. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(8), 5615–5617.
Petrof, E. O., Gloor, G. B., Vanner, S. J., Weese, S. J., Carter, D., Daigneault, M. C., Brown, E. M., Schroeter, K., & Allen-Vercoe, E. (2013). Stool substitute transplant therapy for the eradication of Clostridium difficile infection: ‘RePOOPulating’ the gut. Microbiome, 1(1), 3.
Pfeiler, E. A., Azcarate-Peril, M. A., & Klaenhammer, T. R. (2006). Characterization of a two-component regulatory system implicated in the bile tolerance of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 181–181.
Pfeiler, E. A., Azcarate-Peril, M. A., & Klaenhammer, T. R. (2007). Characterization of a novel bile-inducible operon encoding a two-component regulatory system in Lactobacillus acidophilus. Journal of Bacteriology, 189(13), 4624–4634.
Phillips, M., Kailasapathy, K., & Tran, L. (2006). Viability of commercial probiotic cultures (L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium sp., L. casei, L. paracasei and L. rhamnosus) in cheddar cheese. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 108(2), 276–280.
Plovier, H., Everard, A., Druart, C., Depommier, C., Van Hul, M., Geurts, L., Chilloux, J., Ottman, N., Duparc, T., Lichtenstein, L., Myridakis, A., Delzenne, N. M., Klievink, J., Bhattacharjee, A., van der Ark, K. C., Aalvink, S., Martinez, L. O., Dumas, M. E., Maiter, D., Loumaye, A., Hermans, M. P., Thissen, J. P., Belzer, C., de Vos, W. M., & Cani, P. D. (2017). A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice. Nature Medicine, 23(1), 107–113.
Puebla-Barragan, S., & Reid, G. (2019). Forty-five-year evolution of probiotic therapy. Microbial Cell, 6(4), 184–196.
Reid, G., Sanders, M. E., Gaskins, H. R., Gibson, G. R., Mercenier, A., Rastall, R., Roberfroid, M., Rowland, I., Cherbut, C., & Klaenhammer, T. R. (2003). New scientific paradigms for probiotics and prebiotics. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 37(2), 105–118.
Rettger, L. F., & Cheplin, H. A. (1921). Treatise on the transformation of the intestinal flora: With special reference to the implantation of Bacillus acidophilus (Vol. 13). Yale University Press.
Robert, S., & Steidler, L. (2014). Recombinant Lactococcus lactis can make the difference in antigen-specific immune tolerance induction, the Type 1 Diabetes case. Microbial Cell Factories, 13(Suppl 1), S11.
Salvini, F., Riva, E., Salvatici, E., Boehm, G., Jelinek, J., Banderali, G., & Giovannini, M. (2011). A specific prebiotic mixture added to starting infant formula has long-lasting bifidogenic effects. The Journal of Nutrition, 141(7), 1335–1339.
Sanders, M. E., & Marco, M. L. (2010). Food formats for effective delivery of probiotics. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 1, 65–85.
Scalabrin, D. M., Mitmesser, S. H., Welling, G. W., Harris, C. L., Marunycz, J. D., Walker, D. C., Bos, N. A., Tolkko, S., Salminen, S., & Vanderhoof, J. A. (2012). New prebiotic blend of polydextrose and galacto-oligosaccharides has a bifidogenic effect in young infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 54(3), 343–352.
Seo, M., Heo, J., Yoon, J., Kim, S. Y., Kang, Y. M., Yu, J., Cho, S., & Kim, H. (2017). Methanobrevibacter attenuation via probiotic intervention reduces flatulence in adult human: A non-randomised paired-design clinical trial of efficacy. PLoS One, 12(9), e0184547.
Seregin, S. S., Golovchenko, N., Schaf, B., Chen, J., Eaton, K. A., & Chen, G. Y. (2017a). NLRP6 function in inflammatory monocytes reduces susceptibility to chemically induced intestinal injury. Mucosal Immunology, 10(2), 434–445.
Seregin, S. S., Golovchenko, N., Schaf, B., Chen, J., Pudlo, N. A., Mitchell, J., Baxter, N. T., Zhao, L., Schloss, P. D., Martens, E. C., Eaton, K. A., & Chen, G. Y. (2017b). NLRP6 protects Il10(-/-) mice from colitis by limiting colonization of Akkermansia muciniphila. Cell Reports, 19(4), 733–745.
Sheehan, V. M., Sleator, R. D., Hill, C., & Fitzgerald, G. F. (2007). Improving gastric transit, gastrointestinal persistence and therapeutic efficacy of the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. Microbiology, 153(Pt 10), 3563–3571.
Simon, M. C., Strassburger, K., Nowotny, B., Kolb, H., Nowotny, P., Burkart, V., Zivehe, F., Hwang, J. H., Stehle, P., Pacini, G., Hartmann, B., Holst, J. J., MacKenzie, C., Bindels, L. B., Martinez, I., Walter, J., Henrich, B., Schloot, N. C., & Roden, M. (2015). Intake of Lactobacillus reuteri improves incretin and insulin secretion in glucose-tolerant humans: A proof of concept. Diabetes Care, 38(10), 1827–1834.
Sipailiene, A., & Petraityte, S. (2017). Encapsulation of probiotics: Proper selection of the probiotic strain and the influence of encapsulation technology and materials on the viability of encapsulated microorganisms. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, 10(1), 1–10.
Staudacher, H. M., Lomer, M. C. E., Farquharson, F. M., Louis, P., Fava, F., Franciosi, E., Scholz, M., Tuohy, K. M., Lindsay, J. O., Irving, P. M., & Whelan, K. (2017). A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and a probiotic restores bifidobacterium species: A randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology, 153(4), 936–947.
Takahashi, S., Anzawa, D., Takami, K., Ishizuka, A., Mawatari, T., Kamikado, K., Sugimura, H., & Nishijima, T. (2016). Effect of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis GCL2505 on visceral fat accumulation in healthy Japanese adults: A randomized controlled trial. Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health, 35(4), 163–171.
Tannock, G. W., Lawley, B., Munro, K., Gowri Pathmanathan, S., Zhou, S. J., Makrides, M., Gibson, R. A., Sullivan, T., Prosser, C. G., Lowry, D., & Hodgkinson, A. J. (2013). Comparison of the compositions of the stool microbiotas of infants fed goat milk formula, cow milk-based formula, or breast milk. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79(9), 3040–3048.
Thompson, A. L., Monteagudo-Mera, A., Cadenas, M. B., Lampl, M. L., & Azcarate-Peril, M. A. (2015). Milk- and solid-feeding practices and daycare attendance are associated with differences in bacterial diversity, predominant communities, and metabolic and immune function of the infant gut microbiome. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 5, 3.
Toscano, M., De Grandi, R., Miniello, V. L., Mattina, R., & Drago, L. (2017a). Ability of Lactobacillus kefiri LKF01 (DSM32079) to colonize the intestinal environment and modify the gut microbiota composition of healthy individuals. Digestive and Liver Disease, 49(3), 261–267.
Toscano, M., De Grandi, R., Stronati, L., De Vecchi, E., & Drago, L. (2017b). Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on the healthy gut microbiota composition at phyla and species level: A preliminary study. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 23(15), 2696–2704.
Tripathi, M. K., & Giri, S. K. (2014). Probiotic functional foods: Survival of probiotics during processing and storage. Journal of Functional Foods, 9, 225–241.
Ulsemer, P., Toutounian, K., Kressel, G., Goletz, C., Schmidt, J., Karsten, U., Hahn, A., & Goletz, S. (2016). Impact of oral consumption of heat-treated Bacteroides xylanisolvens DSM 23964 on the level of natural TFalpha-specific antibodies in human adults. Beneficial Microbes, 7(4), 485–500.
Urbanska, A. M., Bhathena, J., Martoni, C., & Prakash, S. (2009). Estimation of the potential antitumor activity of microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus yogurt formulation in the attenuation of tumorigenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 54(2), 264–273.
Wada, J., Ando, T., Kiyohara, M., Ashida, H., Kitaoka, M., Yamaguchi, M., Kumagai, H., Katayama, T., & Yamamoto, K. (2008). Bifidobacterium bifidum lacto-N-biosidase, a critical enzyme for the degradation of human milk oligosaccharides with a type 1 structure. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74(13), 3996–4004.
Watson, D., Sleator, R. D., Hill, C., & Gahan, C. G. (2008). Enhancing bile tolerance improves survival and persistence of Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus in the murine gastrointestinal tract. BMC Microbiology, 8, 176.
Westfall, S., Lomis, N., Kahouli, I., Dia, S. Y., Singh, S. P., & Prakash, S. (2017). Microbiome, probiotics and neurodegenerative diseases: Deciphering the gut brain axis. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 74(20), 3769–3787.
Yan, F., & Polk, D. B. (2002). Probiotic bacterium prevents cytokine-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277(52), 50959–50965.
Yan, F., Cao, H., Cover, T. L., Whitehead, R., Washington, M. K., & Polk, D. B. (2007). Soluble proteins produced by probiotic bacteria regulate intestinal epithelial cell survival and growth. Gastroenterology, 132(2), 562–575.
Yan, F., Liu, L., Dempsey, P. J., Tsai, Y. H., Raines, E. W., Wilson, C. L., Cao, H., Cao, Z., Liu, L., & Polk, D. B. (2013). A Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-derived soluble protein, p40, stimulates ligand release from intestinal epithelial cells to transactivate epidermal growth factor receptor. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288(42), 30742–30751.
Yoshida, E., Sakurama, H., Kiyohara, M., Nakajima, M., Kitaoka, M., Ashida, H., Hirose, J., Katayama, T., Yamamoto, K., & Kumagai, H. (2012). Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis uses two different beta-galactosidases for selectively degrading type-1 and type-2 human milk oligosaccharides. Glycobiology, 22(3), 361–368.
Zimmermann, P., & Curtis, N. (2018). The influence of probiotics on vaccine responses—A systematic review. Vaccine, 36(2), 207–213.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Azcarate-Peril, M.A. (2019). Beneficial Modulation of the Gut Microbiome: Probiotics and Prebiotics. In: Azcarate-Peril, M., Arnold, R., Bruno-Bárcena, J. (eds) How Fermented Foods Feed a Healthy Gut Microbiota. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28737-5_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28737-5_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-28736-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-28737-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)