Abstract
The circular economy is not a new concept in economics. Francois Quesnay and the Physiocrats of eighteenth-century France introduced the concept into economics. From a bio-chemical perspective, the law of conservation of mass needs to be considered implying mass can neither be created nor destroyed but allocated differently over time and space in a closed system similar to planet earth. Recently the concept of the circular economy received high policy attention. In the agri-food system the debates are related to issues such as reducing food waste and emissions in food production including greenhouse gases, recycling of food packaging materials and plastic in particular, and cascading use of food products including the use of fertilizing products.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
This is not exactly correct according to the mass-energy equivalence, but for the chemical elements of interest such as carbon or nitrogen, this simplification is acceptable.
References
Arrow, K.J., P. Dasgupta, L. Goulder, K.J. Mumford, and K. Oleson. 2012. Sustainability and the Measurement of Wealth. Environment and Development Economics 17: 317–353.
Boulding, K. 1966. The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth. In Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, Resources for the Future, ed. H. Jarrett, 3–14. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Bovay, J., and J.M. Alston. 2018. GMO Food Labels in the United States: Economic Implications of the New Law. Food Policy 78: 14–25.
Bukkens, S.G. 1997. The Nutritional Value of Edible Insects. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 36 (2–4): 287–319.
Castellari, E., C. Soregaroli, T. Venus, and J. Wesseler. 2018. Food Processor and Retailer Non-GMO Standards in the US and EU and the Driving Role of Regulations. Food Policy 78: 26–37.
Cingiz, K., M. Degnet, and W. Heijman. 2019a. A Cross-Country Measurement of the EU Bioeconomy: An Input-Output Approach. Biomonitor Working Papers.
Cingiz, K., J. Wesseler, and B. Brandt. 2019b. Scoping Analysis of Biopolymer Production in Argentina. ERA CoBioTech Sustainable Co-Production Working Papers.
Coase, R. 2006. The Conduct of Economics: The Example of Fisher Body and General Motors. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 15 (2): 255–278.
Doorn, J., and P.C. Verhoef. 2015. Drivers of and Barriers to Organic Purchase Behavior. Journal of Retailing 91 (3): 436–450.
European Commission. 2014. Towards a Circular Economy: A Zero Waste Programme for Europe. COM (2014), 398 final. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/pdf/circular-economy-communication.pdf
———. 2015. Closing the Loop–An EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy. 2015 COM (2015) 614 final. https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2015/EN/1-2015-614-EN-F1-1.PDF
———. 2018. Updated Bioeconomy Strategy. https://ec.europa.eu/knowledge4policy/publication/updated-bioeconomy-strategy-2018_en
EUROSTAT. 2019. Which Indicators Are Used to Monitor the Progress towards a Circular Economy? https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/circular-economy/indicators
Felbermayr and Larch. 2013. The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)-Potentials, Problems and Perspectives. CESifo Forum 2: 49–60.
Frederiks, C., and J. Wesseler. 2019. A Comparison of the EU and US Regulatory Frameworks for the Active Substance Registration of Microbial Biological Control Agents. Pest Management Science 75 (1): 87–103.
Hoenen, S., C. Kolympiris, W. Schoenmakers, and N. Kalaitzandonakes. 2014. The Diminishing Signaling Value of Patents between Early Rounds of Venture Capital Financing. Research Policy 43 (6): 956–989.
Kalaitzandonakes, N., J. Lusk, and A. Magnier. 2018. The Price of Non-Genetically Modified (Non-GM) Food. Food Policy 78: 38–50.
Kalmykova, Y., M. Sadagopan, and L. Rosado. 2018. Circular Economy – From Review of Theories and Practices to Development of Implementation Tools. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 135: 190–201.
Kirchherr, J., D. Reike, and M. Hekkert. 2017. Conceptualizing the Circular Economy: An Analysis of 114 Definitions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 127: 221–232.
Korhonen, J., A. Honkasalo, and J. Seppälä. 2018a. Circular Economy: The Concept and Its Limitations. Ecological Economics 143: 37–46.
Korhonen, J., C. Nuur, A. Feldmann, and S.E. Birkie. 2018b. Circular Economy as an Essentially Contested Concept. Journal of Cleaner Production 175: 544–552.
Lancaster, M. 2002. Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Lele, U., W. Lesser, and G. Horstkotte-Wesseler. 1999. Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Lusk, J., B. McFadden, and N. Wilson. 2018. Do consumers care how a genetically engineered food was created or who created it? Food Policy 78: 81–90.
Matthews, A. 2007. Improving Policy Coherence Between Agricultural and Development Policies. 16th International Farm Management Association Congress, a Vibrant Rural Economy – The Challenge for Balance. International Farm Management Association. Cork, Ireland. 74.
Mathews, J.A., and H. Tan. 2011. Progress toward a Circular Economy in China: The Drivers (and Inhibitors) of Eco-Industrial Initiative. Journal of Industrial Ecology 15: 435–457.
McCarthy, A., R. Dellink, and R. Bibas. 2018. The Macroeconomics of the Circular Economy Transition: A Critical Review of Modelling Approaches. OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 130. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/af983f9a-en
McCluskey, J., J. Wesseler, and J.A. Winfree. 2018. The Economics and Politics GM Food Labeling: An Introduction to the Special Issue. Food Policy 78: 1–6.
OECD. 2018. Eight Building Blocks for Coherent Implementation of the SDGs. In Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development 2018: Towards Sustainable and Resilient Societies. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264301061-5-en.
———. 2019. Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2019. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/39bfe6f3-en. http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/topics/agricultural-policy-monitoring-and-evaluation/
Purnhagen, K.P., and J. Wesseler. 2019. Maximum vs. Minimum Harmonization: What to Expect from the Institutional and Legal Battles in the EU on Gene Editing Technologies? Pest Management Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5367.
Rausser, G., J. Swinnen, and P. Zusman. 2011. Political Power and Economic Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reike, D., W.J.V. Vermeulen, and S. Witjes. 2018. The Circular Economy: New or Refurbished as CE 3.0? — Exploring Controversies in the Conceptualization of the Circular Economy Through a Focus on History and Resource Value Retention Options. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 135: 246–264.
Rietveld, P., and S. van Woudenberg. 2005. Why Fuel Prices Differ. Energy Economics 27: 79–92.
Ritzen, S., and G. Sandström. 2017. Barriers to the Circular Economy – Integration of Perspectives and Domains. Procedia CIRP 64: 7–12.
Robért, K.-H. 1991. The Physician and the Environment. Reviews in Oncology. European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer 4 (2): 1–3.
Shao, Q., M. Punt, and J. Wesseler. 2018a. New Plant Breeding Techniques Under Food Security Pressure and Lobbying. Frontiers in Plant Science 9: 1324.
Shao, Q., T. Janus, M. Punt, and J. Wesseler. 2018b. The Conservation Effects of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Biased Policymakers. Agriculture 8 (7). https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8070108.
Shapiro, P. 2018. Clean Meat: How Growing Meat without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Smyth, S., and A. McHughen. 2008. Regulating Innovative Crop Technologies in Canada: The Case of Regulating Genetically Modified Crops. Plant Biotechnology Journal 6 (3): 213–225.
Stahel, W., and G. Reday-Mulvey. 1976. The Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy. Report to the Commission of the European Communities. Brussels, (Published as Stahel, W.R. and Reday-Mulvey, G. 1981. Jobs for Tomorrow. New York: Vantage Press).
Stiglitz, J.E., A.K. Sen, and J.P. Fitoussi. 2009. The Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress Revisited: Reflections and Overview. Sciences Po publications 2009–33. Paris: Sciences Po.
Tacon, A.G., and M. Metian. 2018. Food Matters: Fish, Income, and Food Supply—A Comparative Analysis. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture 26 (1): 15–28.
Thorrez, L., and H. Vandenburgh. 2019. Challenges in the Quest for ‘Clean Meat’. Nature Biotechnology 37: 215.
Uehleke, R., and S. Hüttel. 2019. The Free-Rider Deficit in the Demand for Farm Animal Welfare-Labelled Meat. European Review of Agricultural Economics 46: 291–318.
Venus, T.J., D. Drabik, and J. Wesseler. 2018. The Role of a German Multi-Stakeholder Standard for Livestock Products Derived from Non-GMO Feed. Food Policy 78: 58–67.
Visie Biomassa 2030, Parliamentary documents II, 33 043, no. 63
Wesseler, J., and D. Drabik. 2016. Prices Matter: Analysis of Food and Energy Competition Relative to Land Resources in the European Union. NJAS – Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 77: 19–24.
———. 2017. Economic Aspects of the Regulatory Framework in the Area of Fertilizers. General for Internal Policies. Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy. Brussels. IP/A/IMCO/2016-18.
Wesseler, J., and J. von Brown. 2017. Measuring the Bioeconomy: Economics and Policies. Annual Review of Resource Economics 9: 17.1–17.24.
Zilberman, David, Ben Gordon, Gal Hochman, and Justus Wesseler. 2018. Economics of Sustainable Development and the Bioeconomy. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 40 (1): 22–37.
References to EU Member States and Their Circular Economy-Related Policy Strategies/Actions
Austria, Circular Futures – Austria’s Circular Economy Platform: https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/en/about/cg-activities-documents/circular-futures-austrias-circular-economy-platform
Belgium, The 21 measures of the federal government for a circular economy “Ensemble faisons tourner l’économie en développant l’économie circulaire en Belgique” (Let’s Make the Economy Work by Developing the Circular Economy in Belgium) (f) (n) (2016). https://www.health.belgium.be/en/node/30139
Belgium, FPS Economy, “Vers une Belgique pionnière de l’économie circulaire (link is external)” (Towards a Belgium as pioneer in the circular economy) (fr) (2014.): https://economie.fgov.be/fr/publicaties/vers-une-belgique-pionniere-de
Belgium, RDC Environment, “L’obsolescence programmée : politiques et mesures belges de protection du consommateur (link is external)” (Planned obsolescence: Belgian policy and measures to protect consumers) (fr) (Mai 2017.): http://www.marghem.be/wp-content/uploads/Obsolescence-programm%C3%A9e_rapport-final_RDC-Envrionment_V2_Rapport.pdf
Croatia, Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund. http://www.fzoeu.hr/en/about_us/activities_of_the_fund/
Czech Republic, State Environmental Policy: https://www.mzp.cz/en/state_environmental_policy
Denmark, The Advisory Board for Circular Economy. Recommendations for the Danish Government: https://en.mfvm.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/MFVM/Miljoe/Cirkulaer_oekonomi/Advisory-Board-for-Circular-Economy-Report-2017-Content_Single_pages_WEB.pdf
Estonia, Circular Procurement Congress ‘Mainstreaming Circular Procurement’: http://www.cpcongress.eu/
Finland, Innovation Fund, Sitra. Roadmap to a circular economy. https://www.sitra.fi/en/publications/critical-move-finlands-road-map-circular-economy-2-0/
France, 50 measures for a 100% circular economy: https://www.ecologique-solidaire.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/FREC%20anglais.pdf
German Resource Efficiency Programme (ProgRess II): https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/case-studies/german-resource-efficiency-programme-progress-ii
Germany, Closed Substance Cycle Waste Management Act: https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=303
Greece, Greece National Action Plan on Circular Economy: https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/en/main-language/greek
Hungary, Business Council for Sustainable Development in Hungary (BCSDH): https://bcsdh.hu/about-us/
Iceland, Waste Management Policy 2013–2024: https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/umhverfisraduneyti-media/media/pdf_skrar/landsaaetlun-2013-2024-(utgafa).pdf
Ireland, Moving Towards the Circular Economy in Ireland- NESC: http://files.nesc.ie/nesc_reports/en/144_Moving_Towards_the_Circular_Economy.pdf
Italy, Towards a circular economy model for Italy: http://consultazione-economiacircolare.minambiente.it/sites/default/files/verso-un-nuovo-modello-di-economia-circolare_HR.pdf, https://circular-impacts.eu/library/1789
Latvia, Environmental Investment Fund: http://www.varam.gov.lv/eng/par_ministriju/padotas_institucijas/?info=16
Lithuania, National waste management program: https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/legalAct.html?documentId=d833b6d0cfa811e3a8ded1a0f5aff0a9
Luxembourg, Climate Pact under the Sign of the Circular Economy: http://luxembourg.public.lu/en/actualites/2018/05/30-pacteClimat/index.html
Malta, TSS Malta, water recycling system: http://www.circulary.eu/project/trelleborg-water-malta/
Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality of the Netherlands. https://www.government.nl/ministries/ministry-of-agriculture-nature-and-food-quality/vision-anf
Netherlands. 2016. A Circular Economy in the Netherlands by 2050. https://www.government.nl/documents/policy-notes/2016/09/14/a-circular-economy-in-the-netherlands-by-2050
———. 2016. Government-wide programme for a Circular Economy, letter to Parliament: https://www.government.nl/documents/letters/2016/09/14/government-wide-programme-for-a-circular-economy
Poland, Mazovia Circular Congress: http://en.kpk.gov.pl/circular-economy-because-innovation-is-not-enough/
Portugal, Green Growth Commitment: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/case-studies/portugal-green-growth-commitment
Republic of Cyprus, Waste Law: http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/environment/environmentnew.nsf/page20_en/page20_en?OpenDocument
Romania, Romanian EInvP named Application of Industrial Ecosystems Principles to Regional Development (ECOREG) in Suceava County: http://www.incdecoind.ro/en/proiectele-noastre/proiecte-internationale/ecoreg.html
Slovakia, Waste act: https://www.naturpack.sk/downloads/act_no_79_2015_on_waste_od_1_1_2016.pdf
Slovenia, Roadmap towards the circular economy in Slovenia: https://www.circularchange.com/projects-1/2018/11/8/roadmap-towards-the-circular-economy-in-slovenia
Spain, Spanish Chamber of Commerce “Circular Economy: The Role of Business in Developing the Green Economy”: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/2014-2019/vella/announcements/spanish-chamber-commerce-circular-economy-role-business-developing-green-economy_en
Sweden, Smart City Sweden: https://smartcitysweden.com/visit-programs/80/circular-economy/
United Kingdom, LWARB circular economy report: https://www.lwarb.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/LWARB-circular-economy-report_web_08.12.15b.pdf
References to OECD Member States and Their Circular Economy-Related Policy Strategies/Actions
Australia, City of Melbourne, Degraves Street Recycling Facility: https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/business/waste-recycling/Pages/degraves-street-recycling-facility.aspx
Australia, James Cook University, Food waste – The Bio-Regen Unit: https://www.jcu.edu.au/tropeco-sustainability-in-action/sustainable-campuses/recycling-and-waste/food-waste-the-bio-regen-unit
Australia NSW Government: A Circular Economy for NSW: https://engage.environment.nsw.gov.au/circular
Canada, Circular Economy Leadership Coalition: http://www.circulareconomyleaders.ca/
Chile, Circular Economy Forum of the Americas: https://www.cefa2017.com/
Chile, Strategic Partnership in Chile – Innovation and Sustainability through Circular Economy: https://www.sharedvalue.org/groups/strategic-partnership-chile-%E2%80%93-innovation-and-sustainability-through-circular-economy
Circular Economy Incubator https://zurich.impacthub.ch/de/program/circular-economy-incubator/
Colombia, E-waste Policy: https://www.sustainable-recycling.org/politica-nacional-colombia-gestion-integral-de-residuos-de-aparatos-electricos-y-electronicos/
Government of South Australia: https://www.greenindustries.sa.gov.au/strategic-plan
Israel, Sustainability Outlook 2030: http://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/.upload/KayamutEnglish.pdf
Japan, Law for the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources.: http://www.env.go.jp/en/laws/recycle/06.pdf
Mexico, Global Green Growth Forum: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/197657/7._El_Cambio_hacia_una_Econom_a_Circular.pdf
New Zeeland, Circular Economy Accelerator: https://www.circulareconomy.org.nz/
Norway, Unlimited opportunities in the circular economy: https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/Newsarticle/The_race_for_finding_project_partners_for_new_circular_economy_projects_has_begun/1254029274065
South Korea, Introduction of the Framework Act on Resource Circulation toward Establishing a Resource-Circulating Society in Korea: http://eng.me.go.kr/eng/web/board/read.do;jsessionid=lKSiyekCh1aXI2QrFM0pe7NlTlj77V6PkfumCOwWfWqONH4r9A1xW1tXur8tttLW.meweb1vhost_servlet_engine3?pagerOffset=0&maxPageItems=10&maxIndexPages=10&searchKey=&searchValue=&menuId=198&orgCd=&boardId=818070&boardMasterId=535&boardCategoryId=&decorator=
Switzerland, Circular Cities Switzerland: https://www.circle-economy.com/implementing-circular-strategies-in-switzerlands-iconic-cities/#.XIqboJNKhQI
Turkey, Materials Marketplace (TMM) Project: http://www.skdturkiye.org/en/surdurulebilir-sanayi-ve-dongusel-ekonomi
United States. https://www.uschamberfoundation.org/event/fifth-annual-sustainability-and-circular-economy-summit
United States. 2012. National Bioeconomy Blueprint: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/national_bioeconomy_blueprint_april_2012.pdf
United States. https://www.uschamberfoundation.org/event/fifth-annual-sustainability-and-circular-economy-summit
United States. H.R. 4719 – America Gives More Act of 2014. https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4719
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cingiz, K., Wesseler, J. (2019). Opportunities and the Policy Challenges to the Circular Agri-Food System. In: Dries, L., Heijman, W., Jongeneel, R., Purnhagen, K., Wesseler, J. (eds) EU Bioeconomy Economics and Policies: Volume II. Palgrave Advances in Bioeconomy: Economics and Policies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28642-2_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28642-2_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-28641-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-28642-2
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)