Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prevention and Treatment of Infections

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Anesthesia in Thoracic Surgery

  • 879 Accesses

Abstract

Nosocomial infections are very frequent after thoracic surgery, including surgical site infection (SSI), nosocomial pneumonia, mediastinitis and empyema. Surgical site infections are associated with considerable morbidity and extended hospital stay. In addition, mortality rate is significantly higher in patients with SSI. Guidelines for the prevention and the management of SSI have been published by International Societies (World Health Organization [WHO], USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], English National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE], Infectious Diseases Society of America [IDSA]). The development of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) or fast track programs have also contributes to a preventive effect by reducing nosocomial infections. Nevertheless the implementation of ERAS programs in thoracic surgery is actually scarce. One of the most important strategies to prevent nosocomial infections is the antibiotic prophylaxis. Recommendations prophylactic antibiotic therapy in thoracic surgery should be taking into account the individual patient risk factors, the type of the surgery and the pK/pD characteristics of the drug chosen. The early diagnosis of infection contributes to a better outcomes. New sensitive and ultra-rapid technologies has been proposed based on DNA demonstration, hybridization probes and on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The exhaled breath biomarkers (‘exhalome’, ‘volatilome’) the blood biomarkers for infection (C reactive protein [CRP], procalcitonin [PCT], cytokines [IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-a], adrenomedullin [ADM], triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 [TREM-1]), the quantification of gene expression for immune dysregulation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (droplet digital PCR [ddPCR], HLA-DR) and the evaluation of acute vascular endothelial dysfunction by different biomarkers are new and promising strategies for infection diagnosis, prognosis and treatment evaluation. Pneumonia, empyema and mediastinitis are the most important and life-threatening infective respiratory complications after thoracic surgery. This chapter summarise the clinical management of these infectious complications after thoracic surgery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Iyer A, Yadav S. Postoperative care and complications after thoracic surgery. In: Principles and practice of cardiothoracic surgery. Rijeka: InTech; 2013. Available from http://www.intechopen.com/books/principles-and-practice-of-cardiothoracic-surgery/postoperative-care-and-complications-after-thoracic-surgery.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Agostini P, Cieslik H, Rathinam S, Bishay E, Kalkat MS, Rajesh PB, et al. Postoperative pulmonary complications following thoracic surgery: are there any modifiable risk factors? Thorax. 2010;65(9):815–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rotman JA, Plodkowski AJ, Hayes SA, de Groot PM, Shepard J-AO, Munden RF, et al. Postoperative complications after thoracic surgery for lung cancer. Clin Imaging. 2015;39(5):735–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Myles PS. Complications of thoracic surgery. In: Oxford textbook of cardiothoracic anaesthesia. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015. p. 415–24. Available from http://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199653478.001.0001/med-9780199653478-chapter-37.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Ceken S, Simsek Yavuz S, Sensoy A, Imamoglu O. Epidemiology and risk factors for surgical site infections following thoracic surgery. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2016;9:12018.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Imperatori A, Nardecchia E, Dominioni L, Sambucci D, Spampatti S, Feliciotti G, et al. Surgical site infections after lung resection: a prospective study of risk factors in 1,091 consecutive patients. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(9):3222–31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Olivetti S, Lanza GV, Ruffini E, Oliaro A, Filosso PL. O-019healthcare associated infection after lung surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2016;23(Suppl 1):i6.2–i6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Zajac-Lenczewska I, Czarniak E, Skokowski J, Samet A. Infections in patients after thoracic surgery. Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 2003;71(1–2):36–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Nan DN, Fernández-Ayala M, Fariñas-Álvarez C, Mons R, González-Macías J, Carmen Fariñas M, et al. Infección nosocomial después de cirugía toracoscópica videoasisitida. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2011;24:217.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sok M, Dragaš AZ, Eržen J, Jerman J. Sources of pathogens causing pleuropulmonary infections after lung cancer resection. Eur J Cardio Thoracic Surg. 2002;22(1):23–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Nan DN, Fernández-Ayala M, Fariñas-Álvarez C, Mons R, Ortega FJ, González-Macías J, et al. Nosocomial infection after lung surgery. Chest. 2005;128(4):2647–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. NICE. Surgical site infections: prevention and treatment | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. London: NICE; 2008. Available from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg74.

    Google Scholar 

  13. van Walraven C, Musselman R. The surgical site infection risk score (SSIRS): a model to predict the risk of surgical site infections. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e67167.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJC, Gorbach SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(2):e10–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. WHO. WHO | Global guidelines on the prevention of surgical site infection. Geneva: WHO; 2017. Available from https://www.who.int/gpsc/ssi-guidelines/en/.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, Leas B, Stone EC, Kelz RR, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(8):784.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Allegranzi B, Bischoff P, de Jonge S, Kubilay NZ, Zayed B, Gomes SM, et al. New WHO recommendations on preoperative measures for surgical site infection prevention: an evidence-based global perspective. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(12):e276–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Allegranzi B, Zayed B, Bischoff P, Kubilay NZ, de Jonge S, de Vries F, et al. New WHO recommendations on intraoperative and postoperative measures for surgical site infection prevention: an evidence-based global perspective. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(12):e288–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. O’Hara LM, Thom KA, Preas MA. Update to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection (2017): a summary, review, and strategies for implementation. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46(6):602–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Liu Z, Norman G, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Wong JK, Crosbie EJ, Wilson P. Nasal decontamination for the prevention of surgical site infection in Staphylococcus aureus carriers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;5:CD012462.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pedersen PU, Larsen P, Håkonsen SJ. The effectiveness of systematic perioperative oral hygiene in reduction of postoperative respiratory tract infections after elective thoracic surgery in adults: a systematic review. JBI Datab Syst Rev Impl Rep. 2016;14(1):140–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Batchelor TJP, Rasburn NJ, Abdelnour-Berchtold E, Brunelli A, Cerfolio RJ, Gonzalez M, et al. Guidelines for enhanced recovery after lung surgery: recommendations of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS). Eur J Cardio Thoracic Surg. 2019;55:91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Muehling BM, Halter GL, Schelzig H, Meierhenrich R, Steffen P, Sunder-Plassmann L, et al. Reduction of postoperative pulmonary complications after lung surgery using a fast track clinical pathway. Eur J Cardio Thoracic Surg. 2008;34(1):174–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Bratzler DW, Houck PM. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Am J Surg. 2005;189(4):395–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Anderson DJ, Sexton DJ. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for prevention of surgical site infection in adults. UpToDate. 2018:17–9.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Bassetti M, Righi E, Astilean A, Corcione S, Petrolo A, Farina EC, et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in minor and major surgery. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015;81(1):76–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ierano C, Peel T, Ayton D, Rajkhowa A, Marshall C, Thursky K. Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis – the evidence and understanding its impact on consensus guidelines. Infect Dis Heal. 2018;23(3):179–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; 2008. Available from www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/published/numlist.html.

    Google Scholar 

  29. South Australian expert Advisory Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis clinical guideline. Adelaide, SA: SA Health; 2011. Available from https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/6bb523804358edbd883b9ef2cadc00ab/Surgical+Antimicrobial+Prophylaxis_v2.0_23112017.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-6bb523804358edbd883b9ef2cadc00ab-msq.2DQ.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Chang SH, Krupnick AS. Perioperative antibiotics in thoracic surgery. Thorac Surg Clin. 2012;22(1):35–45, vi.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Dhooria S, Sehgal IS, Prasad KT, Bal A, Aggarwal AN, Behera D, et al. A randomized trial of antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients undergoing medical thoracoscopy (APT). Respiration. 2017;94(2):207–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kirkwood KA, Gulack BC, Iribarne A, Bowdish ME, Greco G, Mayer ML, et al. A multi-institutional cohort study confirming the risks of Clostridium difficile infection associated with prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018;155(2):670–678.e1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Anesi JA, Blumberg EA, Abbo LM. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent surgical site infections in solid organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2018;102(1):21–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Douglas SI. New diagnostic methods for pneumonia in the ICU. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29:197–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Peters RP, van Agtmael MA, Danner SA, et al. New developments in the diagnosis of bloodstream infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4(12):7517–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Westh H, Lisby G, Breysse F, et al. Multiplex real - time PCR and blood culture for identification of bloodstream pathogens in patients with suspected sepsis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(6):544–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lehmann LE, Alvarez J, Hunfeld KP, et al. Potential clinical utility of polymerase chain reaction in microbiological testing for sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(12):3085–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Klouche M, Schröder U. Rapid methods for diagnosis of bloodstream infections. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2008;46(7):888–908.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Nikkari S, McLaughlin IJ, Bi W, et al. Does blood of healthy subjects contain bacterial ribosomal DNA? J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(5):1956–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Tissari P, Zumla A, Tarkka E, et al. Accurate and rapid identification of bacterial species from positive blood cultures with a DNA - based microarray platform: an observational study. Lancet. 2010;375(9710):224–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Huang A, Newton D, Kunapuli A, Gandhi T, Washer L, Curtis J, Collins D, Nagel J. Impact of rapid organism identification via matrix - assisted laser desorption/ionization time - of - flight combined with antimicrobial stewardship team intervention in adult patients with bacteremia and candidemia. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1237–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Martinez-Lozano Sinues P, Zenobi R, Kohler M. Analysis of the exhalome: a diagnostic tool of the future. Chest. 2013;144:746–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Amann A, Costello Bde L, Miekisch W, et al. The human volatilome: volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva. J Breath Res. 2014;8:034001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. van der Schee MP, Paff T, Brinkman P, et al. Breathomics in lung disease. Chest. 2015;147:224–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Schnabel R, Fijten R, Smolinska A, et al. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath to diagnose ventilator-associated pneumonia. Sci Rep. 2015;5:17179.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Moore LJ, Moore FA. Early diagnosis and evidence-based care of surgical sepsis. J Intensive Care Med. 2013;28(2):107–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Pierrakos C, Vincent JL. Sepsis biomarkers: a review. Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Kibe S, Adams K, Barlow G. Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis in critical care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(Suppl 2):ii33–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Coelho L, Povoa P, Almeida E, Fernandes A, Mealha R, Moreira P, et al. Usefulness of C-reactive protein in monitoring the severe community-acquired pneumonia clinical course. Crit Care. 2007;11(4):R92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Hillas G, Vassilakopoulos T, Plantza P, Rasidakis A, Bakakos P. C-reactive protein and procalcitonin as predictors of survival and septic shock in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(4):805–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lindberg M, Hole A, Johnsen H, Asberg A, Rydning A, Myrvold HE, et al. Reference intervals for procalcitonin and C-reactive protein after major abdominal surgery. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2002;62(3):189–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Mega A, Grecka P, Scarpa N, Koratzanis G, Thomopoulos G, et al. Procalcitonin: a marker to clearly differentiate systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis in the critically ill patient? Intensive Care Med. 2002;28(9):1351–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Raftogiannis M. The immune response to severe bacterial infections: consequences for therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012;10(3):369–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Thomann R, Falconnier C, Wolbers M, Widmer I, et al. Effect of procalcitonin-based guidelines vs standard guidelines on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;302(10):1059–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R, Muller C, Miedinger D, Huber PR, et al. Procalcitonin guidance of antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(1):84–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Nobre V, Harbarth S, Graf JD, Rohner P, Pugin J. Use of procalcitonin to shorten antibiotic treatment duration in septic patients: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(5):498–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Andaluz-Ojeda D, Nguyen HB, Meunier-Beillard N, Cicuendez R, Quenot JP, Calvo D, et al. Superior accuracy of mid-regional proadrenomedullin for mortality prediction in sepsis with varying levels of illness severity. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Andaluz-Ojeda D, Cicuendez R, Calvo D, Largo E, Nogales L, Munoz MF, et al. Sustained value of proadrenomedullin as mortality predictor in severe sepsis. J Infect. 2015;71(1):136–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bello S, Lasierra AB, Minchole E, Fandos S, Ruiz MA, Vera E, et al. Prognostic power of proadrenomedullin in community-acquired pneumonia is independent of aetiology. Eur Respir J. 2012;39(5):1144–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Andaluz-Ojeda D, Bobillo F, Iglesias V, Almansa R, Rico L, Gandia F, et al. A combined score of pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukins improves mortality prediction in severe sepsis. Cytokine. 2012;57(3):332–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Harbarth S, Holeckova K, Froidevaux C, Pittet D, Ricou B, Grau GE, et al. Diagnostic value of procalcitonin, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 in critically ill patients admitted with suspected sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(3):396–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Su L, Feng L, Song Q, Kang H, Zhang X, Liang Z, et al. Diagnostic value of dynamics serum sCD163, sTREM-1, PCT, and CRP in differentiating sepsis, severity assessment, and prognostic prediction. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:969875.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Wu Y, Wang F, Fan X, Bao R, Bo L, Li J, et al. Accuracy of plasma sTREM-1 for sepsis diagnosis in systemic inflammatory patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2012;16(6):R229.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Su L, Liu D, Chai W, Liu D, Long Y. Role of sTREM-1 in predicting mortality of infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6(5):e010314.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Benjamin TM, et al. Genome-wide transcription profiling of human sespis: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2010;14(6):R237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Xiao W, Mindrinos MN, Seok J, Cuschieri J, Cuenca AG, Gao H, et al. A genomic storm in critically injured humans. J Exp Med. 2011;208(13):2581–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Almansa R, Heredia-Rodriguez M, Gomez-Sanchez E, Andaluz-Ojeda D, Iglesias V, Rico L, et al. Transcriptomic correlates of organ failure extent in sepsis. J Infect. 2015;70(5):445–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Cajander S, Backman A, Tina E, Stralin K, Soderquist B, Kallman J. Preliminary results in quantitation of HLA-DRA by real-time PCR: a promising approach to identify immunosuppression in sepsis. Crit Care. 2013;17(5):R223.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Cajander S, Tina E, Backman A, Magnuson A, Stralin K, Soderquist B, et al. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction measurement of HLA-DRA gene expression in whole blood is highly reproducible and shows changes that reflect dynamic shifts in monocyte surface HLA-DR expression during the course of sepsis. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0154690.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Hindson CM, Chevillet JR, Briggs HA, Gallichotte EN, Ruf IK, Hindson BJ, et al. Absolute quantification by droplet digital PCR versus analog real-time PCR. Nat Methods. 2013;10(10):1003–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Cazalis MA, Friggeri A, Cave L, Demaret J, Barbalat V, Cerrato E, et al. Decreased HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (CD74) mRNA expression predicts mortality after septic shock. Crit Care. 2013;17(6):R287.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Monneret G, Lepape A, Voirin N, Bohe J, Venet F, Debard AL, et al. Persisting low monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression predicts mortality in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32(8):1175–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Winkler MS, Rissiek A, Priefler M, Schwedhelm E, Robbe L, Bauer A, et al. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA-DR) gene expression is reduced in sepsis and correlates with impaired TNFalpha response: a diagnostic tool for immunosuppression? PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182427.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Almansa R, Martin S, Martin-Fernandez M, Heredia-Rodriguez M, Gomez-Sanchez E, Aragon M, et al. Combined quantification of procalcitonin and HLA-DR improves sepsis detection in surgical patients. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):11999.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bermejo-Martin JF, Martin-Fernandez M, Lopez-Mestanza C, Duque P, Almansa R. Shared features of endothelial dysfunction between sepsis and its preceding risk factors (aging and chronic disease). J Clin Med. 2018;7:400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Wang J, Wu A, Wu Y. Endothelial glycocalyx layer: a possible therapeutic target for acute lung injury during lung resection. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:5969657.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Vassiliou AG, Mastora Z, Orfanos SE, Jahaj E, Maniatis NA, Koutsoukou A, Armaganidis A, Kotanidou A. Elevated biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction/activation at ICU admission are associated with sepsis development. Cytokine. 2014;69:240–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Colbert JF, Schmidt EP. Endothelial and microcirculatory function and dysfunction in sepsis. Clin Chest Med. 2016;37:263–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Ince C, Mayeux PR, Nguyen T, Gomez H, Kellum JA, Ospina-Tascón GA, Hernandez G, Murray P, De Backer D. ADQI XIV Workgroup. The endothelium in sepsis. Shock. 2016;45:259–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Xing K, Murthy S, Liles WC, Singh JM. Clinical utility of biomarkers of endothelial activation in sepsis—a systematic review. Crit Care. 2012;16:7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Walczak M, Suraj J, Kus K, Kij A, Zakrzewska A, Chlopicki S. Towards a comprehensive endothelial biomarkers profiling and endothelium-guided pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rep. 2015;67:771–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Reddy B Jr, Hassan U, Seymour C, Angus DC, Isbell TS, White K, Weir W, Yeh L, Vincent A, Bashir R. Point-of-care sensors for the management of sepsis. Nat Biomed Eng. 2018;2:640–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Schussler O, Alifano M, Dermine H, Strano S, Casetta A, Sepulveda S, et al. Postoperative pneumonia after major lung resection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(10):1161–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Klompas M, Magill S, Robicsek A, Strymish JM, Kleinman K, Evans RS, Lloyd JF, Khan Y, Yokoe DS, Stevenson K, Samore M, Platt R, CDC Prevention Epicenters Program. Objective surveillance definitions for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(12):3154–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Klompas M. Complications of mechanical ventilation-the CDC’s new surveillance paradigm. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(16):1472–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Boyer AF, Schoenberg N, Babcock H, et al. A prospective evaluation of ventilator-associated conditions and infection-related ventilator-associated conditions. Chest. 2015;147:68–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Takiguchi H, Hayama N, Oguma T, Harada K, Sato M, Horio Y, et al. Post-bronchoscopy pneumonia in patients suffering from lung cancer: development and validation of a risk prediction score. Respir Investig. 2017;55(3):212–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Yuh DD. Johns Hopkins textbook of cardiothoracic surgery. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies; 2014. 1443 p. Available from https://accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?sectionid=55166007&bookid=963.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Berwick DM, Calkins DR, McCannon CJ, et al. The 100,000 lives campaign: setting a goal and a deadline for improving health care quality. JAMA. 2006;295:324–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Álvarez-Lerma F, Palomar-Martínez M, Sánchez-García M, Martínez-Alonso M, Álvarez-Rodríguez J, Lorente L, Arias-Rivera S, García R, Gordo F, Añón JM, Jam-Gatell R, Vázquez-Calatayud M, Agra Y. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: the multimodal approach of the Spanish ICU “Pneumonia Zero” Program∗. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(2):181–18891.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, Muscedere J, Sweeney DA, Palmer LB, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(5):e61–111.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Ruiz J, Castro I, Calabuig E, Salavert M. Non-antibiotic treatment for infectious diseases. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2017;30(Suppl. 1):66–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Hauser AR, Mecsas J, Moir DT. Beyond antibiotics: new therapeutic approaches for bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:89–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Nobrega FL, Costa AR, Kluskens LD, Azeredo J. Revisiting phage therapy: new applications for old resources. Trends Microbiol. 2015;23:185–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Rello J, Krenn CG, Locker G, Pilger E, Madl C, Balica L, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled phase II study of a Pseudomonas vaccine in ventilated ICU patients. Crit Care. 2017;21:22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Saha S, Tomaro-Duchesneau C, Tabrizian M, Prakash S. Probiotics as oral health biotherapeutics. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12:1207–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Shen KR, Bribriesco A, Crabtree T, Denlinger C, Eby J, Eiken P, et al. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery consensus guidelines for the management of empyema. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;153(6):e129–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Yamauchi Y, Isaka M, Maniwa T, Takahashi S, Kurai H, Ohde Y. Chest tube tip culture as a predictor of postoperative infection in lung cancer operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;96:1796–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Abu-Omar Y, Kocher GJ, Bosco P, Barbero C, Waller D, Gudbjartsson T, et al. European Association for cardio-thoracic surgery expert consensus statement on the prevention and management of mediastinitis. Eur J Cardio Thoracic Surg. 2017;51(1):10–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, “Clinica Universidad de Navarra”, Navarra, Spain

    Pablo Monedero

  2. Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain

    Silvia Martin & Cesar Aldecoa

Authors
  1. Pablo Monedero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Silvia Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Cesar Aldecoa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cesar Aldecoa .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Spain

    Manuel Granell Gil

  2. Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Anaesthesiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Mert Şentürk

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Monedero, P., Martin, S., Aldecoa, C. (2020). Prevention and Treatment of Infections. In: Granell Gil, M., Şentürk, M. (eds) Anesthesia in Thoracic Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28528-9_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28528-9_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-28527-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-28528-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation