Data Protection in the Internet: Greece

Kourtis, Vassilios

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28049-9_8

Vassilios Kourtis¹³

Part of the book series: Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law ((GSCL,volume 38))

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Abstract

In Greece, it quickly became apparent that the risks of invasion of privacy posed by the processing of personal data, which arise from modern technology and the expansion of the internet, had to be addressed by special legislation. The addition of article 9A to the Constitution was a significant step forward in this respect. Furthermore, several provisions relating to the protection of data subjects were adopted by the Greek legislator in many sectors. Since the enactment of the general Law 2472/1997, which transposed Directive 95/46, Greek law closely follows the evolution of the relevant EU legislation, and endorses the case-law of the CJEU and the opinions and recommendations issued by the Art. 29 working party. The Hellenic Data Protection Authority significantly contributed to the implementation of the data protection legislation mainly by interpreting and specifying the general rules, in order that the protection of data subjects becomes more effective. The entry into force of the GDPR opens up ambitious perspectives for the protection of data subjects and their capability to take back the control of their personal data, as well as for the free movement of data within and outside the EU. Greek legislation is in the process of being adapted to the changes introduced by the GDPR.

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Notes

1.
See Spyropoulos and Fortsakis (2009), sparsim; Chryssogonos (2002), pp. 199 ff.; Donos (2000), pp. 109 ff.; Iliadou (2016), pp. 23 ff.; Vidalis (2006), pp. 19 ff.; Sotiropoulos (2006), pp. 69 ff.
2.
See Areios Pagos (plenary session) no. 1/2017.
3.
See Law 2068/1992 Government Gazette A 118, valid from 01.12.2005; see also Tsevas (2010), pp. 92 ff.
4.
For the new Regulation in Greek legal literature see Christou (2017), pp. 223 ff.; Iglezakis (2018); Kotsalis and Menoudakos (2018); Mitrou (2017); Panagopoulou-Koutnatzi (2017).
5.
Government Gazette A 50.
6.
For an overview of Law 2472/1997, see Iglezakis (2011), pp. 240 ff.; Alexandropoulou-Aigyptiadou (2016), pp. 38 ff.; Armamentos and Sotiropoulos (2005, 2008); Christodoulou (2013); Yerontas (2002), pp. 178 ff.
7.
Government Gazette A 133. For an overview of Law 3471/2006, see Iglezakis (2011), pp. 261 ff.; Alexandropoulou-Aigyptiadou (2016), pp. 171 ff.; Arkouli (2010), pp. 43 ff.; Tountopoulos (2000), pp. 475 ff.
8.
Law 3471/2006 replaced Law 2774/1999, which previously had transposed Directive 97/66/EC. The provisions of the second part of Law 3471/2006 (articles 18–31) amended Law 2472/1996.
9.
Government Gazette A 82.
10.
Article 3 § 2 L. 3471/2006. However, according to a different—not predominant—interpretation of Art. 3 § 2, based on the argument of consistency to article 9A of the Constitution, the provisions of Law 3471/2006 were only applicable when they were more favorable to the data subject, see Christodoulou (2013), pp. 152 ff.
11.
See Iglezakis (2009), p. 197.
12.
Government Gazette A 136.
13.
Government Gazette A 22.
14.
See art. 4 GDPR and art. 2 L. 2472/1997.
15.
See DPA decision no. 38/2010.
16.
See Sotiropoulos (2006), pp. 84 and 89.
17.
See Mittleton (2016), p. 10.
18.
Areios Pagos no. 637/2013.
19.
First Instance Court of Thiva no. 54/2014.
20.
Court of Peace of Athens no. 4048/3014.
21.
Court of Appeal of Athens no. 3808/2014.
22.
See DPA decision no. 25/2013.
23.
See, e.g., DPA decision no. Γ/ΕΞ/691/3.2.2014. On this matter, see Christodoulou (2013), pp. 15 ff.; Mittleton (2016), pp. 19–20.
24.
See DPA directive no. 115/2001; see also Court of Appeal of Athens no. 5433/2011 and Administrative First Instance Court of Thessaloniki no. 4796/2013.
25.
See DPA decision no. 59/2000.
26.
See DPA decisions nos. 86/2002, 24/2004, 25/2004 and 186/2014. See also Iglezakis (2006).
27.
Art. 2b L. 2472/1997; on sensitive data see Iglezakis (2003).
28.
In its Opinion no. 15/2001, DPA adopted the definition of genetic data given by the Council of Europe Recommendation R (97) 5 on the protection of medical data. Greek academics argued that certain types of genetic data are not covered by the definition of health data containing in Law 2472/1997, see, e.g., Papachristou and Papadopoulou-Klamaris (2006), pp. 41 ff.
29.
On this see also the decision of the Misdemeanor Court of Thessaloniki no. 1247/2011.
30.
See Spyropoulos and Fortsakis (2009), pp. 150–151; Mitrou (1999); Donos et al. (2002).
31.
See the website of this Authority, at: www.dpa.gr/en.
32.
Art. 19 § 1b L. 2472/1997.
33.
See Papakonstantinou (2010), § 15.2.2.
34.
See art. 5 GDPR.
35.
Art. 5 § 1 L. 3471/2006.
36.
Art. 5 § 2 L. 3471/2006.
37.
See Alexandropoulou-Aigyptiadou (2016), p. 60; Christodoulou (2013), p. 361; Iglezakis (2009), pp. 218 ff. See also Consumer Ombudsman’s decision no. 1204/2007.
38.
See Areios Pagos no. 1/2017 and Council of State nos. 1616/2012 & 2254/2005.
39.
Art. 5 § 2 L. 2472/1997.
40.
See also recital 46 of the GDPR.
41.
See Arkouli (2010), p. 44.
42.
See Alexandridou (2018), pp. 259 ff.
43.
Art. 9 §1b P.D. 131/2003.
44.
See Decision of the Minister of Economy and Development 316/2017, Government Gazette B 969.
45.
See P.D. 10/2017, Government Gazette A 23.
46.
Art. 11 § 1 L. 3471/2006. Recipient of the messages is the subscriber or user of electronic communications, as defined in art. 2 §§1–2 L. 3471/2006.
47.
Art. 11 § 3 L. 3471/2006.
48.
Art. 6 § 1 P.D. 131/2003.
49.
Art. 5 P.D. 131/2003.
50.
Art. 6 § 2 P.D. 131/2003.
51.
Art. 11 § 2 L. 3471/2006.
52.
See Delouka-Igglesis (2018), p. 599.
53.
Art. 9 § 5 L. 2251/1994.
54.
See DPA Directive no. 2/2011, published in the Government Gazette, B 889.
55.
Art. 11 § 5 L. 3471/2006.
56.
See DPA Decision no. 112/2012 addressing the issue of the use of geolocation technology for the location tracking of individuals, e.g., minors or patients.
57.
On this matter see also Christodoulou (2018), pp. 61 ff.
58.
See art. 18 of DPA Directive no. 1/2011 on the use of CCTV systems and the protection of individuals and property.
59.
See Iglezakis (2014), pp. 37 ff.; Panagopoulou-Koutnatzi (2016), p. 714.
60.
CJEU, 13.05.2014, C-131/12, Google Spain v. Agencia Española, ECLI:EU:C:2014:317.
61.
See DPA Decision no. 38/2002.
62.
However, this obligation was subject to Law 3917/2011, which provided for the traffic data’s retention for a period of 12 months.
63.
WP 225/26.11.2014. See DPA decisions nos. 82/2016, 83/2016 and 84/2016.
64.
For the protection of employees against the unlawful processing of their personal data, see Douka (2005); Malagardi (2010); Mitrou (2016), pp. 191 ff.
65.
See, e.g. DPA Decision no. 245/2000 on processing of personal data of workers for the purposes of entrance and exit at the workplace by means of taking fingerprints and Decision no. 637/2000 on monitoring of the calls of workers at the workplace.
66.
See DPA Directive no. 115/2001.
67.
See also Areios Pagos no. 1/2017.
68.
See, e.g. DPA Decision no. 34/2018.
69.
Art. 5 DPA Directive no. 1/2011.
70.
Art. 18 DPA Directive no. 1/2011.
71.
See also DPA Directive no. 115/2001 on the processing of employees’ personal data, part e, §§ 6–8.
72.
See the recital 155 of the GDPR.
73.
Article 8 L. 3144/2003, Government Gazette A 111.
74.
See DPA Directive no. 115/2001 on the processing of employees’ personal data, part d, §7.
75.
Areios Pagos no. 1/2017.
76.
According to Areios Pagos, when an electronic correspondence has been terminated, it is no longer protected by art. 19 of the Constitution, which guarantees the correspondence secrecy, but by art. 9A of the Constitution on personal data protection. See also the Opinion no. 6/2008 of the Attorney of Areios Pagos, according to which a hard disk is not a means of communication; hence, the data stored in a hard disk do not fall within the protective scope of the communication secrecy.
77.
Art. 20 § 1 of the Constitution.
78.
Articles 5 and 106 § 2 of the Constitution.
79.
Article 9A of the Constitution.
80.
See Malagardi (2010), pp. 297 ff.
81.
See DPA Directive no. 115/2001.
82.
Art. 10 § 3 L. 2472/1997.
83.
Art. 4 § 1 d L. 2472/1997. See also DPA Directive no. 1/2005 concerning the secure destruction of personal data after the end of the period that is required for the accomplishment of the processing purpose.
84.
Art. 12 §§ 5–10 L. 3471/2006.
85.
Law 3418/2015, Government Gazette A 287.
86.
See Latsiou (2016), p. 155.
87.
Art. 12 L. 2472/1997 and art. 14 § 8 L. 3418/2005.
88.
Art. 14 § 10 L. 3418/2005.
89.
Papassiopi-Passia and Kourtis (2015), pp. 83 ff.
90.
See DPA Directive no. 1/2011 and Opinions nos. 1/2009 and 2/1010.
91.
See Tsolias (2016), pp. 363 ff.
92.
See Spyropoulos and Fortsakis (2009), p. 228; Papadopoulos (2009), pp. 169 ff.; Karakostas (2009), p. 153.
93.
Government Gazette A 121.
94.
See Manessis (1982), p. 238 and the decision of Areios Pagos no. 570/2006. The same steps were followed by the opinions of the Attorney of Areios Pagos nos. 9/2009, 12/2009 and 9/2011.
95.
Areios Pagos no. 924/2009, relied, inter alia, on the decision Copland v. UK. See also the ADAE Opinion no. 1/2005, by which the Authority changed its previous view and admitted the confidentiality of communication data.
96.
Art. 3 § 1 L. 3471/2006.
97.
Art 2a L. 3471/2006.
98.
Art. 11 § 7 L. 3471/2006.
99.
They may, inter alia, consist of data referring to the routing, duration, time or volume of a communication, to the protocol used, to the location of the terminal equipment of the sender or the recipient, to the network on which the communication originates or terminates, to the beginning, end or duration of a connection. They may also consist of the format in which the communication is conveyed by the network, see Art. 2 § 3 L. 3471/2006.
100.
See Council of State no. 1593/2016.
101.
See Arkouli (2010), pp. 4–5; Christodoulou (2013), p. 130; Tountopoulos (2000), p. 476.
102.
Art. 4 § 1 L. 3471/2006.
103.
Art. 4 § 2 L. 3471/2006.
104.
Art. 4 § 3 L. 3471/2006. The way in which parties are notified and give their consent as well as the manner and duration of storage for the recorded conversations and relevant traffic data are determined by act issued by the DPA.
105.
See Papadopoulos (2009), p. 216.
106.
Art. 4 § 4 L. 3471/2006.
107.
Art. 4 § 5 L. 3471/2006.
108.
Art. 6 § 2 L. 3471/2006.
109.
See L. 3917/2011 and §§ 2–6 L. 3471/2006.
110.
Art. 10 L. 3471/2006.
111.
Government Gazette A 47.
112.
See the website of this Authority, at: www.adae.gr/en.
113.
Art. 13 § 2 L. 3471/2006.
114.
Art. 6 L. 3115/2003.
115.
Art. 6 § 5 L. 3471/2006.
116.
Art. 8 § 7 L. 3471/2006.
117.
Art. 4 L. 3674/2008.
118.
Art. 6 L. 3674/2008.
119.
See Papakonstantinou (2010), § 15.3.01.
120.
Art. 3 § 2 b L. 2472/1997.
121.
Art. 2 b L. 2472/1997/.
122.
See Iglezakis (2011), p. 2.
123.
Art. 7 §2c L. 2472/1997.
124.
Areios Pagos 252/2018 (A 2). The same opinion has been expressed by the Authority, see, e.g., the decisions nos. 27/2001, 75/2001, 92/1011, 111/2011 and 4/2013.
125.
DPA Decision no. 12/2004.
126.
Government Gazette A 121.
127.
A panel of judges deciding in camera; their decisions must be reasoned like the decisions in public trials.
128.
Art. 5 §§2, 3 L. 2225/1994.
129.
Government Gazette A 64.
130.
Government Gazette A 22.
131.
As defined by art. 4 L. 2225/1995.
132.
Art. 19 § 1b of the Constitution.
133.
See Alexandropoulou-Aigyptiadou (2016), p. 102.
134.
Art. 7 § 2e L. 2472/1997.
135.
As laid down by articles 4 and 5 L. 2472/1997. See also Iglezakis (2003), p. 238.
136.
Art. 5 § 2d L. 2472/1997.
137.
Art. 11 § 4 L. 2472/1997.
138.
DPA Decision no. 19/2008.
139.
Articles 57 and 59 CC.
140.
Articles 914 and 932 CC.
141.
Art. 14 L. 2472/1997.
142.
Art. 23 L. 2472/1997 and Art. 14 L. 3471/2006.
143.
See Augoustianakis (2011), pp. 673 ff.
144.
See Areios Pagos no. 1284/2017.
145.
See Areios Pagos no. 476/2009.
146.
Areios Pagos no. 252/2018 (A 2). The same opinion was expressed in the past by academics, see Kornilakis (2002), p. 435.
147.
See articles 22 L. 2472/1997 and 15 L. 3471/2006. On the criminal sanctions see also Anastassopoulos (2016), pp. 421 ff.; Nouskalis (2005).
148.
The earlier legislation (L. 2472/1997) also imposed criminal sanctions for acts or omissions for which the Authority has not yet issued a decision, such as the non-notification of the establishment of a file or the operation of a file containing sensitive data without permit or in breach of the terms and conditions referred to the Authority’s relevant permit. Moreover, for not complying with the courts’ decisions ordering provisional measures as well as for not implementing decisions issued by the Authority. Furthermore, for unlawful transfer of personal data as well as interconnection of files without the Authority’s permit.
149.
Art. 21 L. 2472/1997.
150.
See, e.g., the DPA Decisions no. 61/2004 [notice addressed to employer to cease recording the webpages visited by employees], no. 11/2005 [notice addressed to banks and to an insurance company to apply the necessary procedures for the secure deletion of personal data after the termination of the period required for the purposes for which such data were processed], no. 17/2016 [notice to Mayor to delete postings in his Facebook containing references to third party’s sensitive personal data].
151.
See, e.g., the DPA decision no. 71/2017 [imposition of a fine of 10,000 euros on a telephone company for failing to implement the right to access according to Art. 12 L. 2472/1997].
152.
See, e.g., the decisions of the DPA: no. 38/2005 [prohibition to a TV station to re-broadcast and use a transcribed text containing unlawful processing of personal data], no. 8/2016 [order against a rehabilitation care center for disabled persons to uninstall video monitoring system that operated unlawfully and to destruct of any relevant file containing personal data collected], no. 245/2000 [order against a Municipality to disrupt data processing that intended to monitor the entrance and exit of employees at the workplace].
153.
DPA decision no. 98/2013.
154.
Art. 3 § 3 L. 2472/1997.
155.
See recital 19 of Directive 95/46; see also recital 22 GDPR.
156.
CJEU, 13.05.2014, C-131/12, Google Spain v Agencia Española, ECLI:EU:C:2014:317; 01.10.2015, C-230/14, Weltimmo v NAIH., ECLI:EU:C:2015:639.
157.
See art. 4 (16) GDPR.
158.
See the General Report, no. 4.2.
159.
CJEU, 06.11.2013, C-101/2001, Lindquist, ECLI:EU:C:2003:596. On this matter, see Yannopoulos (2001), pp. 733 ff.
160.
Compare this to art. 45 GDPR; for more details regarding the procedure provided for by the GDPR for the issuance of the Commission’s decision, see the General Report, no. 4.3.
161.
DPA Decision no. 12/2003.
162.
A permit was not required if the Commission had decided, based on art. 26 § 4 of Directive 95/46 that certain conventional clauses offered adequate safeguards for the protection of data.
163.
See Vlachopoulos (2018).
164.
See Grammatikaki-Alexiou (2016), p. 532; Christodoulou (2013), p. 142.
165.
For the different theories that have been formulated on the issue see Vrellis (2008), pp. 249 ff.
166.
See Areios Pagos no. 903/2010.
167.
See Court of Appeals of Rhodes no. 220/2013.
168.
See Christodoulou (2010).

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Faculty of Law, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Vassilios Kourtis

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Kourtis, V. (2020). Data Protection in the Internet: Greece. In: Moura Vicente, D., de Vasconcelos Casimiro, S. (eds) Data Protection in the Internet. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 38. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28049-9_8

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