Abstract
The conclusion outlines some trajectories of return before summarizing the main arguments. Exile was a pillar of political order in South America, playing a role in border formation, as well as in the alternation in power, at the heart of democratic legitimacy. Opposition took root, voiced discontent and attempted to produce change from abroad. Exile and return were part of broader transnational flows that emerged from colonial commercial and migratory routes with the creation of international borders. An important consequence was to create a political culture of exile, both in the sense of political practice—on a continuum running from state banishment to émigré flight—as well as that of cultural representations of the Romantic émigré. The practice of exile connected politics in emerging nation-states, mediating in both civil wars and international relations, and was at the heart of the formation of independent republics in South America.
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Notes
- 1.
“Discurso fúnebre que por orden del Instituto Nacional de Bolivia y en la inhumación de los restos del Dr. D. Juan Ignacio de Gorriti”, May 25, 1842. In Zuviría, Facundo. 1932. Facundo Zuviría. Selección de escritos y discursos. Prólogo de Miguel Solá. Buenos Aires: El Ateneo, 37–38.
- 2.
Bilbao to Miguel Luis Amunátegui, Buenos Aires, October 28, 1861. In 1931. Revista Chilena de Historia y Geografía (LXIX) n° 73, 7–9. Amunátegui urged him not to return, given the political and work situation. Santiago, March 1, 1862. In 1838. Revista Chilena. (LXXXIV) n° 92, 45.
- 3.
Brief biographies are available in Figueroa, Pedro Pablo. 1897. Diccionario biografico de Chile. 3 vols. Santiago: Impr. y encuadernacion Barcelona.
- 4.
Using place of death as a proxy, of the 36 Chilean exiles tracked in this study for which we have information—out of 120 total—28 died in Chile (return) while four died in Lima, three died in Buenos Aires (the Bilbao family) and one in France (Arcos).
- 5.
151 data points (out of 684 émigrés): 91 died in Argentina; 34 in Chile (almost 20%), four in Peru, two in Bolivia (the Gorriti), one in Paraguay and one in Santa Catarina, Brazil (Indarte); two in France (Alberdi and Frías), one in Spain and one in “Europe”. Though 10 died in Montevideo, all but one was before Caseros.
- 6.
Blumenthal, Edward. 2017. “Lavalle’s Remains: The Political Uses of the Body in Exile and Return”. Hispanic American Historical Review 97 (3): 387–421.
- 7.
Bochner, Malcolm Ira. 2002. “Entrepreneurs of Exile: Chilean Liberals in Peru, 1851–1879”. PhD, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, 174–75. Bochner puts the law in 1861 and return in January 1862, citing El Comerio, October 23, 1861. Cf. Note 11, 194.
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Chambers, Sarah C. 2015. Families in War and Peace: Chile from Colony to Nation. Durham: Duke University Press.
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Gazmuri Riveros, Cristián. 1999. El “48” chileno: igualitarios, reformistas radicales, masones y bomberos. Santiago: Universitaria, 121–50.
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Borbón to Alberdi, Buenos Aires, September 26, 1858; Alberdi to Borbón, London, November 8, 1858. In Alberdi, Juan Bautista and José Cayetano Borbón. 1991. Correspondencia Alberdi-Borbón (1858–1861). Buenos Aires: Editorial Centro de Estudios Unión para la Nueva Mayoría.
- 11.
“El provinciano al argentino”, El Nacional (Buenos Aires), September 12, 1855. In Sarmiento, D. F. Obras. Vol. 16. Buenos Aires: Mariano Moreno, 304.
- 12.
Sznajder and Roniger, The Politics of Exile, 51–58.
- 13.
“Mi vida privada que se pasa toda en la República Argentina”. In Alberdi, Juan Bautista. 1901. Escritos póstumos de J. B. Alberdi. Vol. 15. Buenos Aires: Imprenta europea, 310.
- 14.
For the Argentine Constitution, see González Bernaldo de Quirós, Pilar. 2016. “Enjeux des politiques de nationalité dans le contexte de migrations post-impériales : le cas de l’Argentine, 1853–1931”. Revue d’histoire du XIXe siècle, no. 51 (enero): 71–87.
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Sanders, J. E. 2011. “The Vanguard of the Atlantic World”. Latin American Research Review 46 (2): 104–27.
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Blumenthal, Edward. 2018. “Les mots de l’exil. Dans le droit international du XIXe siècle, entre Amérique Latine et Europe”. Hommes & migrations. Revue française de référence sur les dynamiques migratoires, no. 1321: 43–51.
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Blumenthal, E. (2019). Floating Provinces: Exile and the Formation of Independent Republics. In: Exile and Nation-State Formation in Argentina and Chile, 1810–1862. Palgrave Macmillan Transnational History Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27864-9_8
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