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Constitutional Revolutions

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Atlantic History in the Nineteenth Century

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Abstract

The Age of Revolutions (1776–1825) not only witnessed the birth of independence desires among nationalities but also the demand for political reform, casting a long political shadow into the middle of the nineteenth century. States grappled with political inequalities and demands for constitutional governments. As early as 1688, when England suffered through the Glorious Revolution, revolutionary challenges appeared Atlantic in nature.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Maurice La Châtre, Histoire des Papes: Rois, Reines, Empereurs a travers les Siècles (Paris: Docks de la Librairie, 1870), 3:135.

    Translation: “The legal regime is … interrupted, that of the force is begun. In the situation where we are placed, obedience ceases to be a duty. … Today, then, criminal ministers have violated the law. We are excused from obeying. We will try to publish our sheets without asking for the authorization that is imposed on us.”

  2. 2.

    The Declaration of Rights, February 19, 1689, reprinted in England’s Glorious Revolution, 1688–1689: A Brief History with Documents, ed. Steven C. A. Pincus (Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005), 69–71.

  3. 3.

    The Declaration, October 1688, reprinted in England’s Glorious Revolution, 1688–1689: A Brief History with Documents, ed. Steven C. A. Pincus (Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005), 40.

  4. 4.

    Owen Stanwood, The Empire Reformed: English America in the Age of the Glorious Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 4.

  5. 5.

    “The Declaration of Independence,” July 4, 1776, https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript.

  6. 6.

    Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978); Eric Nelson, The Royalist Revolution: Monarchy and the American Founding (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), 230.

  7. 7.

    Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, “What Is the Third Estate?” in The French Revolution: A Document Collection, eds. Laura Mason and Tracey Rizzo (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 51–54.

  8. 8.

    “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens,” in The French Revolution, 102–103.

  9. 9.

    Charles F. Walker, The Tupac Amaru Rebellion (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014); Michael Zeuske, “The French Revolution in Spanish America,” in The Routledge Companion to the French Revolution in World History, eds. Alan I. Forrest and Matthias Middell (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2015), 78–84.

  10. 10.

    John Smith, February 26, 1838, Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, Hansard, vol. 18, 696.

  11. 11.

    Robert Jocelyn, Earl of Roden, March 7, 1828, Catholic Association, Hansard, vol. 18, 1054–1055.

  12. 12.

    Edward Pearce, Reform!: The Fight for the 1832 Reform Act (London: Jonathan Cape, 2003), 185–186, 208–209.

  13. 13.

    Ibid., Chapters 6, 9–11. For additional works on the Great Reform Act of 1832 see Gilbert A. Cahill, The Great Reform Bill of 1832: Liberal or Conservative? (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1969); Eric J. Evans, The Great Reform Act of 1832 (London: Methuen, 1983); Elie Halévy, The Triumph of Reform (London: Ernest Benn, 1961); John A. Phillips and Charles Wetherell, “The Great Reform Bill of 1832 and the Rise of Partisanship,” Journal of Modern History 63 (December 1991), 621–646.

  14. 14.

    George Murray, February 28, 1832, Parliamentary Reform Bill, Hansard, vol. 10, 935.

  15. 15.

    Michael Cavanagh, Memoirs of General Thomas Francis Meagher (Worcester, MA: Messenger Press, 1892), 65–66.

  16. 16.

    Laurence Fenton, The Young Ireland Rebellion and Limerick (Blackrock, Ireland: Mercier Press, 2010); Denis Gwynn, Young Ireland and 1848 (Cork, Ireland: Cork University Press, 1949); Christine Kinealy, Repeal and Revolution: 1848 in Ireland (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2009); Robert Sloan, William Smith O’Brien and the Young Ireland Rebellion of 1848 (Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts Press, 2000).

  17. 17.

    People’s Charter of 1839 available at https://www.marxists.org/history/england/chartists/peoples-charter.htm.

  18. 18.

    J. Lucas-Dubreton, The Restoration and the July Monarchy (New York: G. P. Putman’s Sons, 1929), 2–3, 16–17, 115–116, 145–155.

  19. 19.

    For additional works on the French revolution of 1830 see Henry Contamine, “La Révolution de 1830 a Métz,” Revenue d’Histoire Moderne 6 (July 1931), 115–123; R. Durand, “La Révolution de 1830 en Côte-d’Or,” Revenue d’Histoire Moderne 6 (July 1931), 161–175; Shirley Gruner, “The Revolution of July 1830 and the Expression ‘Bourgeoisie’,” Historical Journal 11 (1968), 462–471; John M. Merriman, 1830 in France (New York: New Viewpoints, 1975); Pamela M. Pilbeam, The 1830 Revolution in France (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991); Pamela M. Pilbeam, “The ‘Three Glorious Days’: The Revolution of 1830 in Provincial France,” Historical Journal 26 (December 1983), 831–844; David H. Pinkney, “The Crowd in the French Revolution of 1830,” American Historical Review 70 (October 1964), 1–17; Roger Price, “Legitimist Opposition to the Revolution of 1830 in the French Provinces,” Historical Journal 17 (December 1974), 755–778; William Sewell, Work and Revolution in France: The Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1980).

  20. 20.

    July Ordinance, July 25, 1830, Protest of the Paris Journalists, July 26, 1830, Thiers’ Orleanist Manifesto, July 30, 1830, The Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illustrative of the History of France, 1789–1901, ed. Frank M. Anderson (Minneapolis, MN: H. W. Wilson, 1967), 496–502; Lucas-Dubreton, The Restoration and the July Monarchy, 159–171.

  21. 21.

    Proclamation of the Deputies, July 31, 1830, Constitutions and Other Select Documents, 502–503.

  22. 22.

    Proclamation of the Overthrow of the July Monarchy, February 24, 1848, Constitutions and Other Select Documents, 515–516; Lucas-Dubreton, Restoration and the July Monarchy, 350–367.

  23. 23.

    Alphonse Lamartine, “Manifest to Europe,” in Orations from Homer to William McKinley, ed. Mayo Williamson Hazeltine (New York: P. F. Collier, 1902), 12:4922–4929.

  24. 24.

    For works on the French revolution of 1848 see Frederick A. De Luna, The French Republic Under Cavaignac, 1848 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969); Roger Price, 1848 in France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1975); Roger Price, The French Second Republic: A Social History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1972).

  25. 25.

    For biographies on the President/Emperor Napoleon III see David Baguley, Napoleon III and His Regime: An Extravaganza (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000); Albert Guérard, Napoleon III: A Great Life in Brief (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955); James F. McMillan, Napoleon III (London, UK: Longman, 1991); F. A. Simpson, The Rise of Louis Napoleon (London, UK: Frank Cass and Co. 1968).

  26. 26.

    Contemporary criticism of the republican experiment is illustrated by Maurice Agulhon, The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852, trans. Janet Lloyd (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983); John M. Merriman, The Agony of the Republic: The Repression of the Left in Revolutionary France, 1848–1851 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978).

  27. 27.

    Die Forderungen des Volkes in Baden, September 12, 1847, available on https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Die_Forderung_des_Volkes.

  28. 28.

    For studies on the Hungarian uprising of 1848 see István Deák, The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848–1849 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979); Laszlo Deme, The Radical Left in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 (Boulder: East European Quarterly, 1976).

  29. 29.

    Henry W. DePuy, Kossuth and His Generals: With a Brief History of Hungary (Buffalo, NY: Phinney, 1852), 203–204.

  30. 30.

    For studies on the Austrian uprising of 1848 see Edward Crankshaw, The Fall of the House of Habsburg (New York: Penguin Book, 1983); Friedrich Engel-Janosi and Helmut Rumpler, Probleme der Franzisko-Josephinischen Zeit 1848–1916 (Munich, Germany: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1967); R. John Rath, The Viennese Revolution of 1848 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1957).

  31. 31.

    Daniel W. Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 203–211; Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 240–257.

  32. 32.

    Lois W. Banner, “Religious Benevolence as Social Control: A Critique of an Interpretation,” Journal of American History 60 (June 1973), 23–41; Clifford S. Griffin, “Religious Benevolence as Social Control, 1815–1860,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 44 (December 1957), 423–444.

  33. 33.

    Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 353, 364. Not all Jackson scholars would agree with Seller’s argument but all see a new move toward democracy but also the limits of democracy, see Lee Benson, The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961); Howe, What Hath God Wrought; Edward Pessen, Jacksonian America: Society, Personality, and Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Robert V. Remini, The Election of Andrew Jackson (New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1963).

  34. 34.

    Nancy P. Naro, “Brazil’s 1848: The Praieira Revolt,” Ph.D.diss, University of Chicago, 1981; Nancy P. Naro, “Brazil’s 1848: The Praieira Revolt in Pernambuco, Brazil,” in The European Revolutions of 1848 and the Americas, ed. Guy Thomson (London, UK: Institute of Latin American Studies, 2002), 100–124.

  35. 35.

    John Lynch, Argentine Caudillo: Juan Manuel de Rosas (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2001), 121–162; David Rock, “The European Revolutions in the Rio de la Plata,” in The European Revolutions of 1848, 125–141.

  36. 36.

    Simon Collier, Chile: The Making of a Republic, 1830–1865: Politics and Ideas (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 76, 82–85.

  37. 37.

    Collier, Chile, 94, 97, 100–102; Kurt Weyland, “The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America,” International Organization 63 (Summer 2009), 391–423.

  38. 38.

    Eduardo Posada-Carbó, “New Granada and the European Revolutions of 1848,” in The European Revolutions of 1848, 217–240; Nancy P. Applebaum, Muddied Waters: Race, Region, and Local History in Columbia, 1846–1948 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003); James E. Sanders, Contentious Republicans: Popular Politics, Race, and Class in Nineteenth-Century Columbia (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004).

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  1. Middle Georgia State University, Macon, GA, USA

    Niels Eichhorn

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Eichhorn, N. (2019). Constitutional Revolutions. In: Atlantic History in the Nineteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27640-9_5

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