Abstract
From the very start of the Atlantic world, the Americas promised migrants a vast array of opportunities. However, not all people arrived in the Americas voluntarily. Even so, some historians have claimed that by 1800 global trends replaced Atlantic ones, migration continued within an Atlantic context. The open lands and vast economic opportunities of the Americas attracted people who within the confined and socially stratified Europe never had an opportunity to rise beyond their class status.
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Notes
- 1.
“Narrative of the Africans,” New York Journal of Commerce 10 (October 1839).
- 2.
Marcus Rediker, The Amistad Rebellion: An Atlantic Odyssey of Slavery and Freedom (New York: Penguin Books, 2013).
- 3.
James M. Berquist, Daily Life in Immigrant America, 1820–1870 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008), 67.
- 4.
Ibid., 12–13.
- 5.
Ibid., 13, 64.
- 6.
Ibid., 14.
- 7.
Ibid., 68–69.
- 8.
Ibid., 70–72.
- 9.
Ibid., 74–76; Dagmar Bellmann, Von Höllengefährten zu schwimmenden Palästen die Passagierschifffahrt auf dem Atlantik (1840–1930) (Frankfurt a.M., Germany: Campus Verlag, 2015).
- 10.
Berquist, Daily Life in Immigrant America, 68.
- 11.
Theodor Olshausen, Das Mississippi Thal (Kiel, Germany: Akademische Buchhandlung, 1854), 1–39; Theodor Olshausen, Der Staat Iowa: Geographische und statistische beschrieben (Kiel, Germany: Akademische Buchhandlung, 1855); Theodor Olshausen, Der Staat Missouri (Kiel, Germany: Akademische Buchhandlung, 1854).
- 12.
E. A. Weimann, Mittel-Amerika als Gemeinsames Auswanderungs-Ziel: Ein Beitrag im Interesse der Centralisation Deutscher Auswanderung und Kolonisation (Berlin: Gustav Hempel, 1850).
- 13.
Johann Heinrich Siegfried Schultz, Ueber Colonisation mit Besonderer Rücksicht auf die Colonie zu Santo Thomas im Staate Guatemala (Colonge, Germany: M. DuMont-Schauberg, 1843).
- 14.
Allgemeine Auswanderungs-Zeitung, January 17, 1848.
- 15.
George F. W. Young, The Germans in Chile: Immigration and Colonization, 1849–1914 (New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1974), 23, 30–33.
- 16.
Ibid., 47, 57, 85–88.
- 17.
Michael Cavanagh, Memoirs of General Thomas Francis Meagher: Comprising the Leading Events of His Career Chronologically Arranged (Worcester, MA: Messenger Press, 1892), 347.
- 18.
Pam Decho, Claire Diamond, and Rory Miller, Latin Americans in London: A Select List of Prominent Latin Americans in London, c.1800–1996 (London, UK: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1998), 21–22.
- 19.
Ibid., 67–68.
- 20.
For general works on Confederate migrants see Alfred J. Hanna and Kathryn A. Hanna, Confederate Exiles in Venezuela (Tuscaloosa, AL: Confederate Publishing Company, 1960); Christopher L. Jones, “Deserting Dixie: A History of Emigres, Exiles, and Dissenters from the American South, 1866–1925,” Ph.D.diss, Brown University, 2009; Donald C. Simmons, Jr., Confederate Settlements in British Honduras (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2001).
- 21.
For works on the Confederate exiles in Brazil, see Cyrus B. Dawsey and James M. Dawsey, The Confederados Old South Immigrants in Brazil (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995); William C. Griggs, The Elusive Eden: Frank McMullan’s Confederate Colony in Brazil (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987); Eugene C. Harter, The Lost Colony of the Confederacy (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1985); Alicja Iwańska, British American Loyalists in Canada and U.S. Southern Confederates in Brazil: Exiles from the United States (Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press, 1993); Laura Jarnagin, A Confluence of Transatlantic Networks: Elites, Capitalism, and Confederate Migration to Brazil (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2008).
- 22.
John M. Hart, Border Crossings: Mexican and Mexican-American Workers (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1998).
- 23.
Nicole M. Phelps, U.S.-Habsburg Relations from 1815 to the Paris Peace Conference: Sovereignty Transformed (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 158–161, 166, 171–172.
- 24.
Ibid., 185–186.
- 25.
Rebekka Geitner, “‘Das größte Gasthaus der Welt?’ Die Auswandererhallen der HAPAG auf der Veddel in den Jahren von 1901 bis 1934,” in Die hanseatisch-americanischen Beziehungen seit 1790, eds. Rolf Hammel-Kiesow, Heiko Herold, and Claudia Schnurmann (Trier, Germany: Porta Alba Verlag, 2017), 311–313, 318–327.
- 26.
Walter T. K. Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870–1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 12.
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Hart, John M. Border Crossings: Mexican and Mexican-American Workers. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1998.
Harter, Eugene C. The Lost Colony of the Confederacy. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1985.
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Jarnagin, Laura. A Confluence of Transatlantic Networks: Elites, Capitalism, and Confederate Migration to Brazil. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2008.
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Nugent, Walter T. K. Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870–1914. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
Olshausen, Theodor. Das Mississippi Thal. Kiel, Germany: Akademische Buchhandlung, 1854.
Olshausen, Theodor. Der Staat Missouri. Kiel, Germany: Akademische Buchhandlung, 1854.
Olshausen, Theodor. Der Staat Iowa: Geographische und statistische beschrieben. Kiel, Germany: Akademische Buchhandlung, 1855.
Phelps, Nicole M. U.S.-Habsburg Relations from 1815 to the Paris Peace Conference: Sovereignty Transformed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Rediker, Marcus. The Amistad Rebellion: An Atlantic Odyssey of Slavery and Freedom. New York: Penguin Books, 2013.
Schultz, Johann Heinrich Siegfried. Ueber Colonisation mit Besonderer Rücksicht auf die Colonie zu Santo Thomas im Staate Guatemala. Colonge, Germany: M. DuMont-Schauberg, 1843.
Simmons, Donald C., Jr. Confederate Settlements in British Honduras. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2001.
Weimann, E. A. Mittel-Amerika als Gemeinsames Auswanderungs-Ziel: Ein Beitrag im Interesse der Centralisation Deutscher Auswanderung und Kolonisation. Berlin: Gustav Hempel, 1850.
Young, George F. W. The Germans in Chile: Immigration and Colonization, 1849–1914. New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1974.
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Eichhorn, N. (2019). Migration. In: Atlantic History in the Nineteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27640-9_2
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