Abstract
The nineteenth century witnessed not only a dramatic transformation in politics, racial issues, and economics; the emergence of steam vessels and railroads created possibilities for people to travel longer distances and to see exotic parts of the world, such as the Caribbean, the Plains of the United States, or the wild animals of West Africa. Well-off individuals have always been able to travel to remote locations, but possibilities increased dramatically during the nineteenth century. In addition, travel became more affordable for individuals with lower incomes. Localized travel was common around the Atlantic, for example, a low country South Carolina planter might abandoned the unhealthy coastal plains in the summer for the cooler and healthier spas and towns in the mountains. The nineteenth century saw the emergence of a professionally organized tourism industry.
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Notes
- 1.
George P. Putnam, The Tourist in Europe: Or, A Concise Summary of the Various Routes, Objects of Interest, &c in Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Belgium, and Holland (New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1838), 6.
- 2.
Lynne Withey, Grand Tours and Cooks’ Tours: A History of Leisure Travel, 1750–1915 (New York: W. Morrow, 1997), 8–9, 11–12.
- 3.
George P. Putnam, The Tourist in Europe: Or, A Concise Summary of the Various Routes, Objects of Interest, &c in Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Belgium, and Holland (New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1838), 9–10.
- 4.
Wellington Williams, The Traveller’s and Tourist’s Guide Through the United States of America, Canada (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Grambo, 1851), 38–40, 42, 183–189; John F. Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
- 5.
Wellington Williams, The Traveller’s and Tourist’s Guide Through the United States of America, Canada (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Grambo, 1851), 196.
- 6.
Thomas A. Chambers, Memories of War: Visiting Battlegrounds and Bonefields in the Early American Republic (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012), 6–8.
- 7.
Auguste Levasseur, Lafayette in America, in 1824 and 1825; Or, Journal of Travels, in the United States (New York: White, Gallaher, and White, 1829), 6.
- 8.
Ibid., 1:8–9, 24, 39.
- 9.
Ibid., 1:97, 113, 133, 139.
- 10.
Ibid., 1:167, 175.
- 11.
Ibid., 1:175–179.
- 12.
Ibid., 2:70–71, 75, 84.
- 13.
Ibid., 2:158–163.
- 14.
Jeremy Black, Italy and the Grand Tour (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), 1, 3–4, 9, 23, 34; Lynne Withey, Grand Tours and Cooks’ Tours: A History of Leisure Travel, 1750–1915 (New York: W. Morrow, 1997), 6–7.
- 15.
Peter A. Nash, The Life and Times of Moses Jacob Ezekiel: American Sculptor, Arcadian Knight (Madison, MD: Farleigh Dickinson, 2014); William W. Stowe, Going Abroad: European Travel in Nineteenth-Century American Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), xii. Also see: Beth Lynne Lueck, Brigitte Bailey, and Lucinda L. Damon-Bach, eds., Transatlantic Women: Nineteenth-Century American Women Writers and Great Britain (Durham: University of New Hampshire Press, 2012).
- 16.
Roderick J. Barman, Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–91 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 236–237.
- 17.
Ibid., 236–238, 275.
- 18.
Phil Roberts, “‘All Americans Are Hero-Worshippers’: American Observations on the First U.S. Visit by a Reigning Monarch, 1876,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 7 (October 2008), 453–456, 458–460.
- 19.
Roderick J. Barman, Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–91 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 276, 278–279; Phil Roberts, “‘All Americans Are Hero-Worshippers’: American Observations on the First U.S. Visit by a Reigning Monarch, 1876,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 7 (October 2008), 457.
- 20.
Roderick J. Barman, Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–91 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 280; Phil Roberts, “‘All Americans Are Hero-Worshippers’: American Observations on the First U.S. Visit by a Reigning Monarch, 1876,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 7 (October 2008), 460–461, 465, 468.
- 21.
Roderick J. Barman, Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–91 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 280–282.
- 22.
Stephanie S. Rogers, Inventing the Holy Land: American Protestant Pilgrimage to Palestine, 1865–1941 (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2011), 1–4.
- 23.
Roderick J. Barman, Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–91 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 280–282.
- 24.
Theodore Roosevelt, African Game Trails: An Account of the African Wanderings of an American Hunter-Naturalist (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910), 39.
- 25.
Ibid.
- 26.
Ibid., 54, 58.
- 27.
Ibid., 9, 43–44, 180.
- 28.
Orvar Löfgren, On Holiday: A History of Vacationing (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 3.
- 29.
Catherine Cocks, Tropical Whites: The Rise of the Tourist South in the Americas (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), 2, 50.
- 30.
K. O. Laurence and Jorge Ibarra Cuesta, eds., General History of the Caribbean: The Long Nineteenth Century: Nineteenth-Century Transformations (London, UK: Macmillan, 2011), 146.
- 31.
Catherine Cocks, Tropical Whites: The Rise of the Tourist South in the Americas (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), 4, 12, 50–51.
- 32.
Douglas R. Burgess, Jr., Engines of Empire: Steamships and the Victorian Imagination (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016), 15; Catherine Cocks, Tropical Whites: The Rise of the Tourist South in the Americas (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), 51, 55.
- 33.
Lynne Withey, Grand Tours and Cooks’ Tours: A History of Leisure Travel, 1750–1915 (New York: W. Morrow, 1997), 135–142.
- 34.
Ibid., 142, 150–157.
- 35.
Ibid., 159–161, 175–182, 184.
- 36.
Ibid., 171–172.
- 37.
Ibid., 299–300.
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Eichhorn, N. (2019). Atlantic Tourism. In: Atlantic History in the Nineteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27640-9_13
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