Abstract
Tactile Internet as evolution of the Internet of Things will enable real-time interactive applications in industry and society. It requires low latency and security. Security comprises encryption and data authentication. Digital signatures enable the latter. With the rise of quantum computers, most currently employed digital signature schemes will become unsecure. One promising post-quantum secure algorithm is the eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS). It is computationally expensive and thus contradicts low latency requirements. This paper proposes a latency-optimized accelerator for hash-based digital signature processing for the XMSS algorithm. Our architecture improves the latency of signing and verification into the sub-millisecond range.
Keywords
This research was co-financed by public funding of the state of Saxony/Germany and by the European Social Fund in the framework of the Young Investigators Group “Communication Infrastructures for Attonets in 3D-Chip-Stacks (Atto3D)” under grant number 100339530. This publication contains results of the fast semantics project which is a member of the fast2020 research cluster. It is being financed by the ‘Zwanzig20 - Partnerschaft für Innovation’ initiative of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research of Germany under the grant number FKZ03ZZ0521D.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
The Tactile Internet, August 2014. https://www.itu.int/oth/T2301000023/en
SHA-3 Standard: Permutation-Based Hash and Extendable-Output Functions, August 2014. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.202
Status Report on the First Round of the NIST PQC Standardization Process, January 2019. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8240
Bernstein, D.J., et al.: SPHINCS: practical stateless hash-based signatures. In: Oswald, E., Fischlin, M. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2015. LNCS, vol. 9056, pp. 368–397. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46800-5_15
Bernstein, D.J., Lange, T.: Post-quantum cryptography. Nature 549, 188–194 (2017)
Bertoni, G., Daemen, J., Peeters, M., Van Assche, G.: The KECCAK reference, Version 3.0., January 2011. http://keccak.noekeon.org/Keccak-reference-3.0.pdf
Buchmann, J., Dahmen, E., Szydlo, M.: Hash-based digital signature schemes. In: Bernstein, D.J., Buchmann, J., Dahmen, E. (eds.) Post-Quantum Cryptography. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88702-7_3
Buchmann, J., Dahmen, E., Hülsing, A.: XMSS - a practical forward secure signature scheme based on minimal security assumptions. In: Yang, B.-Y. (ed.) PQCrypto 2011. LNCS, vol. 7071, pp. 117–129. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25405-5_8
Elmohr, M.A., Saleh, M.A., Eissa, A.S., Ahmed, K.E., Farag, M.M.: Hardware implementation of a SHA-3 application-specific instruction set processor. In: 2016 28th International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM), pp. 109–112, December 2016
Fettweis, G.P.: The tactile internet: applications and challenges. IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag. 9(1), 64–70 (2014)
Huelsing, A., Butin, D., Gazdag, S., Rijneveld, J., Mohaisen, A.: XMSS: extended Merkle signature scheme. RFC 8391, May 2018. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8391
Huelsing, A., Rijneveld, J.: Implementation of XMSS and XMSSMT as specified in draft-itrf-cfrg-xmss-hash-based-signatures-12. Technical report, January 2018. https://huelsing.net
Knezevic, M., et al.: Fair and consistent hardware evaluation of fourteen round two SHA-3 candidates. IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst. 20(5), 827–840 (2012)
McGrew, D., Curcio, M., Fluhrer, S.: Hash-Based Signatures. Internet-Draft draft-mcgrew-hash-sigs-13, Internet Engineering Task Force, September 2018. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-mcgrew-hash-sigs-13. work in Progress
de Oliveira, A.K.D.S., Lopez, J., Cabral, R.: High performance of hash-based signature schemes. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. 8(3), 421–432 (2017)
Simsek, M., Aijaz, A., Dohler, M., Sachs, J., Fettweis, G.: 5G-enabled tactile internet. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 34(3), 460–473 (2016)
Wang, W., et al.: XMSS and embedded systems - XMSS hardware accelerators for RISC-V. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2018, p. 1225 (2018)
Wang, Y., Shi, Y., Wang, C., Ha, Y.: FPGA-based SHA-3 acceleration on a 32-bit processor via instruction set extension. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits (EDSSC), pp. 305–308, June 2015
Wong, M.M., Haj-Yahya, J., Sau, S., Chattopadhyay, A.: A new high throughput and area efficient SHA-3 implementation. In: 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp. 1–5, May 2018
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Pauls, F., Wittig, R., Fettweis, G. (2019). A Latency-Optimized Hash-Based Digital Signature Accelerator for the Tactile Internet. In: Pnevmatikatos, D., Pelcat, M., Jung, M. (eds) Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation. SAMOS 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11733. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27562-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27562-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27561-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-27562-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)