Abstract
Ground paprika is one of the most popular spices in Hungary. ‘Kalocsai paprika’ PDO is one of the five vegetable PDOs in Hungary. The quality scheme of ‘Kalocsai paprika’ is firmly established on a century long tradition of practice: varieties, territory and production method are strictly regulated from the growing through the drying and milling process until the packaging and labelling of paprika.
The processing of paprika is concentrated in Kalocsa and the market leader is the family owned Kalocsai Fűszerpaprika Zrt. However, our estimates suggest that small farms’ production (sold from farm or on local producers’ markets) exceeds ‘industrial’ paprika production.
The paradox of the Kalocsai PDO is that the highest quality paprika produced by small farmers is not labelled, because small farmers do not use the ‘Kalocsai-fűszerpaprika’ PDO; they use their name and/or the name of their residence instead. In the retail trade, private brand labels are also strong competitors of the PDO which is why real price premia can be observed in the direct sale segment.
The sustainability performance of PDO paprika is overall higher than its reference (imported dried pepper ground in Hungary). The only indicators on which the PDO performance is lower than its reference are the use of surface and groundwater, because of crop irrigation, and bargaining power, which tends to be greater for processors in the PDO value chain.
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- 1.
The PDO protection of “Kalocsai fűszerpaprika-őrlemény” was submitted under the dossier number HU/PDO/0005/0393 in 21 October 2004, published in 11 October 2011 and registered in 5 July 2012.
The “Szegedi fűszerpaprika-őrlemény/Szegedi paprika” PDO was submitted also in 21 October 2004, published in 20 February 2010 and registered in 4 November 2010.
- 2.
The common roots and the close relation of the Kalocsa and Szeged paprika regimes are also indicated by the agreed mutual use of paprika varieties of the two areas, i.e. paprika varieties with the name ‘Szeged’ are used in the Kalocsa region and varieties with the name ‘Kalocsa’ are cultivated in the Szeged paprika region as well.
- 3.
Prior to the submission of the PDO protection, the Hungarian Intellectual Property Office registered “Kalocsai paprika” appellation of origin on 30 November 1998, and even earlier the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) registered the appellation of origin ‘Kalocsa, Kalocsai, Kalocsaer’ under No. 501 on the 6 May, 1969.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
The rationale for imports was not clear. There are several possibilities: bad harvest in the previous year (2003) that cut production by 60%, or the aim of improving insufficient colour attributed to the bad weather, or the intention of lowering the cost with mixing Hungarian paprika with cheap Latin-American peppers.
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- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
Source of foreign trade data: Statistical Office and interview with Mr. Németh.
- 11.
The Hungarian export totalling 1000–1200 tons/year is dominated by three companies (Kalocsai Fűszerpaprika Zrt, Szegedi Paprika Zrt., and HFI Kft.) two of them are owned by the same investors.
- 12.
Bács-Kiskun megyei Kormányhivatal- Kecskeméti Járási Hivatal, Élelmiszer-biztonsági, Növény- és talajvédelmi Főosztály- Élelmiszer-biztonági és Állategészségügyi Osztály 2.
- 13.
Government decree on the PDOs’ control.
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Concerning governance of the PDO:
Information received from Mrs. dr. Szabó Á. Head of Department, Ministry of Agriculture. February, 2018.
Information received from Mr. T. Varga. Head of Unit, Bács Kiskun Megyei Kormányhivatal, Kecskeméti Járási Hivatal, Élelmiszerlánc-biztonsági, Növény- és Talajvédelmi Főosztály, Élelmiszerlánc-biztonsági és Állategészségügyi Osztály 2. December, 2018.
Interview with small and medium sized paprika growers in three different settlements of the Kalocsa PDO area: Bátya, Bogyiszló and Fadd, August–December 2017.
Interview with Ms. I. Kaponyás, farming consultant, December 2017.
Source of retail and direct sales data: own survey conducted by Eco-Sensus in November–December 2017. [n = 96, 78 retail items and 18 direct sale items].
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Csillag, P., Török, Á. (2019). PDO Kalocsai Paprika Powder in Hungary. In: Arfini, F., Bellassen, V. (eds) Sustainability of European Food Quality Schemes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27508-2_8
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