Abstract
In the following, the most common 15 formulations are presented and discussed following a systematic methodology starting with the composition and drug family, followed by use, dose, and preparation. The preparation is discussed in detail in terms of concentration(s), procedure, expiration date, storage, packaging, and special precautions. Some formulations are hazardous; therefore, special caution is highlighted so that the medication must be prepared in compliance with the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) <800>.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Change history
10 October 2023
A correction has been published.
References
Trissel LA. Trissel’s stability of compounded formulations. 4th ed. Washington DC: American Pharmacists Association; 2009. p. 26–7.
Cappelletty D, Eiselstein-McKitrick K. The echinocandins. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27(3):369–88.
Trissel LA, Trissel LA. Handbook on injectable drugs. Bethesda: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2011. p. 613.
Bae JH, Lee SC. Intravitreal liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of endogenous candida endophthalmitis. Japan J Ophthalmol. 2015;59(5):346–52.
Brod RD, Flynn HW, Clarkson JG, Pflugfelder SC, Culbertson WW, Miller D. Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis: management without intravenous amphotericin B. Ophthalmology. 1990;97(5):666–74.
Shao Y, Yu Y, Pei CG, Tan YH, Zhou Q, Yi JL, Gao GP. Therapeutic efficacy of intracameral amphotericin B injection for 60 patients with keratomycosis. Int J Ophthalmol. 2010;3(3):257.
Gunther JB, Altaweel MM. Bevacizumab (Avastin) for the treatment of ocular disease. Survey Ophthalmol. 2009;54(3):372–400.
Genentech. Avastin. Summary of product characteristics. Available at http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000582/WC500029271.pdf (2010). Accessed Jul 2012.
Novartis. Lucentis summary of product characteristics. Available at https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/history/19409/SPC/Lucentis+10+mg+ml+solution+for+injection (2012). Accessed Jul 2012.
Rich RM, Rosenfeld PJ, Puliafito CA, Dubovy SR, Davis JL, Flynn HW Jr, et al. Short-term safety and efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2006;26(5):495–511.
CATT Research Group. Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(20):1897–908.
Chakravarthy U, Harding SP, Rogers CA, Downes SM, Lotery AJ, Wordsworth S, et al. Ranibizumab versus bevacizumab to treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration: one-year findings from the IVAN randomized trial. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(7):1399–411.
Gerstenblith AT, Rabinowitz MP. The wills eye manual: office and emergency room diagnosis and treatment of eye disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
McEvoy GK. AHFS drug information (2006). Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health System Pharmacists; 2006.
Montan PG, Wejde G, Setterquist H, Rylander M, Zetterström C. Prophylactic intracameral cefuroxime: evaluation of safety and kinetics in cataract surgery. J Catar Refract Surg. 2002;28(6):982–7.
Ennis RD, Dahl TC. Stability of cidofovir in 0.9% sodium chloride injection for five days. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1997;54(19):2204–6.
Huq SM, Vazeen M. Cataract surgery and phacoemulsification for the beginning surgeons. Bloomington, IN: Author House; 2014.
Baum U, Peyman GA, Barza M. Intravitreal administration of antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis. III. Consensus. Surv Ophthalmol. 1982;26(4):204–6.
Sobrin L, Kump LI, Foster CS. Intravitreal clindamycin for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Retina. 2007;27(7):952–7.
Soheilian M, Rafati N, Mohebbi MR, Yazdani S, Habibabadi HF, Feghhi M, et al. Prophylaxis of acute post traumatic bacterial endophthalmitis: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial of intraocular antibiotic injection, report 2. Archiv Ophthalmol. 2007;125(4):460–5.
Graham RO, Peyman GA. Intravitreal injection of dexamethasone: treatment of experimentally induced endophthalmitis. Archiv Ophthalmol. 1974;92(2):149–54.
Panel on opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov.proxy.hsl.ucdenver.edu/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf. Accessed 27 Jan 2017.
Diaz-Llopis M, España E, Muñoz G, Navea A, Chipont E, Cano J, et al. High dose intravitreal foscarnet in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS. British J Ophthalmol. 1994;78(2):120–4.
Lieberman RM, Orellana J, Melton RC. Efficacy of intravitreal foscarnet in a patient with AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(12):868–9.
Arevalo JF, Garcia RA, Mendoza AJ. High-dose (5000-μg) intravitreal ganciclovir combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients in Venezuela. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2005;15(5):610–8.
Teoh SC, Ou X, Lim TH. Intravitreal ganciclovir maintenance injection for cytomegalovirus retinitis: efficacy of a low-volume, intermediate-dose regimen. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(3):588–95.
Trissel LA, Trissel LA. Handbook on injectable drugs. Bethesda: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2007. p. 701–7.
McEvoy GK, editor. AHFS Drug Information 93. Bethesda: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 1993. p. 230–4.
McElhiney LF. Compounding guide for ophthalmic preparations. Washington, DC: American Pharmacists Association; 2013.
Lundy DC, Sidoti P, Winarko T, Minckler D, Heuer DK. Intracameral tissue plasmmogen activator after glaucoma surgery: indications, effectiveness, and complications. Ophthalmology. 1996;103(2):274–82.
Siatiri H, Beheshtnezhad AH, Asghari H, Siatirit N, Moghimi S, Piri N. Intracameral tissue plasminogen activator to prevent severe fibrinous effusion after congenital cataract surgery. British J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(11):1458–61.
Tripathi RC, Park JK, Tripathi BJ, Millard CB. Tissue plasminogen activator in human aqueous humor and its possible therapeutic significance. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;106(6):719–22.
Yoshitomi F, Utsumi E, Hayashi M, Futenma M, Yamada R, Yamada S. Postoperative fluctuations of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in aqueous humor of pseudophakes. J Catar Refract Surg. 1991;17(5):543–6.
Wedrich A, Menapace R, Ries E, Polzer I. Intracameral tissue plasminogen activator to treat severe fibrinous effusion after cataract surgery. J Catar Refract Surg. 1997;23(6):873–7.
Zalta AH, Sweeney CP, Zalta AK, Kaufman AH. Intracameral tissue plasminogen activator use in a large series of eyes with valved glaucoma drainage implants. Archiv Ophthalmol. 2002;120(11):1487–93.
Bhadange Y, Shah B, Takkar B, Sinha R. Review of doses of important drugs in ophthalmology. Delhi J Ophthalmol. 2011;21(3):23–7.
John B. Intravitreal injections. Kerala J Ophthalmol. 2007;46.
Prakash G, Sharma N, Goel M, Titiyal JS, Vajpayee RB. Evaluation of intrastromal injection of voriconazole as a therapeutic adjunctive for the management of deep recalcitrant fungal keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146(1):56–9.
Haddad RS, El-Mollayess GM. Combination of intracameral and intrastromal voriconazole in the treatment of recalcitrant Acremonium fungal keratitis. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2012;19(2):265.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Alghamdi, E.A.S., Al Qahtani, A.Y., Sinjab, M.M., Alyahya, K.M. (2020). Formulations of Extemporaneous Intraocular Injections. In: Extemporaneous Ophthalmic Preparations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27492-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27492-4_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27491-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-27492-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)