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Dysregulation of Glycogen Metabolism with Concomitant Spatial Memory Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Beneficial Effects of Chronic Exercise

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Brain Glycogen Metabolism

Part of the book series: Advances in Neurobiology ((NEUROBIOL,volume 23))

Abstract

Cognitive dysfunction is one of the comorbidities of diabetes mellitus, but hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, a component of cognitive function, shows particular decline in type 2 diabetes, suggesting an increased risk for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Cognitive function is related to dysregulated glucose metabolism, which is the typical cause of type 2 diabetes; however, hippocampal glycogen and its metabolite lactate are also crucial for hippocampus-dependent memory function. Type 2 diabetes induced hippocampus-dependent learning and memory dysfunction can be improved by chronic exercise and this improvement may possibly mediate through an adaptation of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS). This chapter focuses on the dysregulation of hippocampal glycometabolism in type 2 diabetes examining both existing evidence as well as the potential underlying pathophysiological mechanism responsible for memory dysfunction in type 2 diabetes, and showing for the first time that chronic exercise could be an effective therapy for type-2-diabetes-induced hippocampal memory decline.

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Abbreviations

ANLS:

Astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

DAB:

1,4-Dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol

GLUT:

Glucose transporter

GSK-3β:

Phosphorylated-GS kinase-3β

LETO:

Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka

LTP:

Long-term potentiation

MCT:

Monocarboxylate transporters

MHPG:

NA metabolites

NA:

Noradrenaline

NMDA:

N-methyl-d-aspartate

OLETF:

Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty

pCofilin:

Phosphorylated-Cofilin

pCREB:

Phosphorylated-cAMP-response-element-binding protein

PGK:

Phosphoglycerate kinase

PTG:

Protein targeting to glycogen

STZ:

Streptozotocin

VIP:

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

ZDF:

Zucker diabetic fatty

ZL:

Zucker lean

ZO:

Zucker obese

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

    Mariko Soya, Subrina Jesmin, Takashi Matsui & Hideaki Soya

  2. Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

    Takeru Shima

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  1. Mariko Soya
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  2. Subrina Jesmin
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  3. Takeru Shima
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  4. Takashi Matsui
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  5. Hideaki Soya
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Correspondence to Hideaki Soya .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Mauro DiNuzzo

  2. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Arne Schousboe

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Soya, M., Jesmin, S., Shima, T., Matsui, T., Soya, H. (2019). Dysregulation of Glycogen Metabolism with Concomitant Spatial Memory Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Beneficial Effects of Chronic Exercise. In: DiNuzzo, M., Schousboe, A. (eds) Brain Glycogen Metabolism. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 23. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_13

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