Abstract
This chapter focuses on the conditions of the circulation and reception of titles penned by French exiled writers in the British Isles and of British books related to the emigration. Looking at books listed in catalogues of private libraries, it argues that a bottom-up approach allows to shift the research perspective away from the study of an émigré literary microcosm to focus instead on publishing, buying and reading practices shared by the migrant community and its hosts. This empirical investigation brings to light an intricate émigré-British network of writers, editors, translators, bookseller-publishers and customers/readers, participating in the diffusion of French counter-revolutionary books and émigré/exiled values in London and beyond.
This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 682022. I would like to thank Alicia Montoya, Laure Philip and Stacie Allan for reading and commenting on early versions of this chapter. I am also grateful to the participants of the London-Paris Romanticism seminars, in particular David Duff and Marc Porée, who invited me to present what was then only a draft of this chapter.
All translations were carried out by the author.
In the endnotes, the catalogues of private libraries are referred to using the name of the book owner followed by the date at which the catalogue was published. A list of all catalogues used for this study and their short names is provided as an appendix.
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Notes
- 1.
Studies on similar questions have been undertaken for other refugee communities exiled in the British Isles, starting with the long-term cultural influence of the Huguenot population on British society. In Refugees in an Age of Genocide (pp. 416–17), Tony Kushner and Katherine Knox discussed how ‘some of the gains of [refugees’] presence are measurable, including the creation of jobs and new enterprises as well as the development of intellectual and cultural life’. The researchers insisted on the manner in which ‘energy and innovation’ brought by refugee groups participated in the ‘revitali[sation of the] British Society at a national and local level’.
- 2.
The same can probably be said of studies on refugees in general, in which demographics and politics often take centre stage. In their introduction to a special issue of Immigrants and Minorities (pp. 122–151), Stefan Manz and Panikos Panayi attempted for the first time to demonstrate the importance of studying the cultural impact of refugees in Britain since the seventeenth century.
- 3.
Wynne-Williams, Diary, p. 30.
- 4.
The text read in this meeting is likely to have been an early and manuscript version of Dernières heures de Louis XVI, roi de France, a pamphlet written sometime in the early 1800s. The earliest recorded publications of this text date from the 1810s. Cléry’s text is probably his Journal de ce qui s’est passé à la Tour du Temple, pendant la captivité de Louis XVI, roi de France, first published in 1798.
- 5.
Williams, The Social Life of Books, pp. 3–4.
- 6.
Goodman, ‘Public Sphere and Private Life’, p. 5.
- 7.
Idem, p. 6.
- 8.
My research on books by émigrés is still in its early stages and the number of catalogues examined should grow exponentially.
For a discussion on the advantages and pitfalls of using catalogues of private libraries as a source, see Helwi Blom, Rindert Jagersma and Juliette Reboul, ‘Printed Private Library Catalogues as a Source for the History of Reading’, in Jonathan Rose and Mary Hammond, Edinburgh History of Reading (Edinburgh: EUP, 2019).
The start date roughly corresponds to the moment in the history of the French emigration when some émigrés decided to settle in their host territory. Furthermore, it has been assumed that the presence of books by émigrés in British libraries would be insignificant in earlier years as the movement only started around 1792. The cut-off date corresponds to the chronological limits of the project in which I am involved, MEDIATE (see mediate18.nl)
- 9.
So far, I have only been able to identify half of the 4500 titles in my sample and the numbers and percentages I will now present are very conservative.
- 10.
The number of books by émigrés in a library is not related to the total number of books. One of the smallest libraries (26 items) contained two books written by émigrés: Green1800, p. 9, items 20 and 24.
- 11.
Astbury, ‘The trans-national dimensions of the Émigré novel’. In this, she argues that the émigré novel should be studied as a transnational genre that functioned around a ‘common series of plot devices through which to explore notions of identity and the interplay of politics and sensibility’. According to her, the émigré novel is not a text by an émigré but a novel about emigration obeying certain aesthetic criteria: Sophie Cottin, Isabelle de Charrière, Charlotte Smith and Auguste Delafontaine should therefore be considered as authors of émigré novels since they made emigration their subjects.
- 12.
See Chap. 8 in this volume.
- 13.
While the term émigré is used today as a collective to define the ensemble of the population that left France, the individuals and the community of migrants were mostly referred to in contemporary British documents as refugee or emigrant.
- 14.
Catalogue of the […] furniture of a Lady […].
- 15.
The distribution of books by Madame de Genlis in the libraries studied was as such:Verse
Verse Alphonisme: Bryan 1828, p. 19, item 612. Le Siège de la Rochelle: Garrick 1823, p. 31, item 945. Les Chevaliers du Cygne: Geddes 1804, p. 17, item 514. Rash Vows, or the Effects of Enthusiasm: Jones 1803, p. 5, item 106. Young Exiles: Jones 1803, p. 10, item 310. Duchess of La Vallière: Strettell 1820, p. 23, items 631 and 640. Duc de Lauzun: Strettell 1820, p. 23, item 639. Le Mari Corrupteur: Strettell 1820, p. 23, item 641. Adelaide et Théodore: Watson 1829, p. 11, item 293. Lecons d’une Gouvernante et de ses élèves: Wilkes 1802, p. 45, item 1260.
- 16.
Annals of the French Revolution: Baxter 1812, p. 49, item 1068; Roberts 1828, p. 6, item 126. Private Memoirs of Louis XVI: Baxter 1812, p. 49, item 1064; Garrick 1823, p. 21, item: 622; Green 1800, p. 9, item 20; Roberts 1828, p. 17, item 472; Wilkes 1802, p. 5, item: 143.
- 17.
Charles-Francois Dumouriez’s Memoires (in French or in English): Bankes 1803, p. 11, item 301; Anonymous 1803, p. 3, item 28; Wilkes 1802, p. 17, item 488, and p. 48, item 1357; Windham 1811, p. 24, items 654 and 655.
Germaine de Stael, Corinne: Garrick 1823, p. 20, item 566; Strettell 1820, p. 49, item 1361; Robinson 0000, p. 42, item 570. De l’Allemagne: Strettell 1820, p. 16, item 459. Lettres sur les Ouvrages et le Caractère de J.J. Roussea: Dutens 1802, p. 3, item 68. Zulma: Strettell 1820, p. 16, item 1813.
Lally-Tollental; Comte de Strafford: Dutens 1802, p. 4, item 103; Strettell 1820, p. 28, item 801; Windham 1811, p. 41, item 1154. Défense des Émigrés Francais: Wilkes 1802, p. 26, item 737.
Mallet du Pan: Mercure Britannique: Garrick 1823, p. 24, item 721; Sumner_Anonymous 1814, p. 2, item 34; Baxter 1812, p. 48, item 1047. Des dangers qui menacent l’Europe: Anonymous 1803, p. 3, item 28.
Calonne: Etat de la France: Baxter 1812, p. 27, item 616; Coleman 1795, p. 5, item 34; Garrick 1823, p. 13, item 390; Wilkes 1802, p. 9, item 268.
Delille: Les Jardins: Bryan 1828, p. 10, item 252; Geddes 1804, p. 5, items 115 and 116; Dutens 1802, p. 6, item 140.
Peltier: Derniers Tableaux de Paris: Masters 1799, p. 4, item 37; Wilkes 1802, p. 34, item 990; Windham 1811, p. 54, item 1521. Tableau de l’Europe: Windham 1811, p. 54, item 1521∗
- 18.
Bouillé: Memoirs relating to the French Revolution: Baxter 1812, p. 22, item 504; Roberts 1828, p. 4, item 57; Wilkes 1802, p. 8, item 232.
Necker, Administration de Paris: Wilkes 1802, p. 33, item 951. Pouvoir Executif: Wilkes 1802, p. 33, item 950; Topham 1804, p. 13, item 430.
- 19.
Strettell 1820: p. 2, item 17; Green 1800, p. 9, item 24.
- 20.
Quérard, France Littéraire, v.10, p. 49.
- 21.
Anonymous 1803: p. 3, item 31. A copy held in the British Library (RB.23.b.6429[2]) includes a manuscript note identifying the book collector as the Rvd Mr. Beloès.
- 22.
British Critic, p. 77. I have not been able to locate a single copy of this book.
- 23.
For a discussion on the political status of émigré fictions, Astbury, Trauma, p. 2. In her introduction, she adopts the statement by Malcolm Cook that ‘Surely, it cannot be denied, in spite of the reticence of critics in this respect, that such novels, appearing when they do, assume a revolutionary status; and must be considered in the context of their political environment’.
- 24.
Bryan 1828, p. 20, item 653.
- 25.
Bournon, Traité complet de la Chaux Carbonatée et de l’Arragonite, vol. I, p. vi.
- 26.
Topham 1804, p. 8, item 217; Roberts 1828, p. 4, item 46.
- 27.
Smith, Romance of Real Life.
- 28.
Besdel, Abrégé des causes célébres et intéressantes, p. v–xii.
- 29.
On the status of Delille as an émigré, see Baldensperger, ‘L’Emigration de Jacques Delille’. The 1801 edition was in Dutens 1802, p. 6, item 140, and Geddes 1804, p. 5, items 115 and 116.
- 30.
Baldensperger, pp. 91–92.
- 31.
Based on distant reading, this list cannot currently include books that clearly emulated emigration novels or others that were strongly influenced by exiled counter-revolutionary discourses.
- 32.
The use of the subject of the French emigration by non-émigré writers was poorly represented in this sample: books by writers such as Fanny Burney, Isabelle de Charrière or Sophie Cottin, to cite only a few, were not listed in these catalogues. This might be explained by the small size of the sample and the relative social heterogeneity of library owners mostly male and middle class.
- 33.
Burdon, Materials for thinking, p. 375; Boucher, Views of the causes and consequences of the American Revolution, p. 111.
- 34.
Genlis’s English emulators are studied in Pestel, ‘Educating against Revolution’.
- 35.
Matthias, Pursuits of Literature, part I, pp. 21–23; 27; 52; Chalmers, Supplemental Apology for the Believers in the Shakspeare-Papers, pp. 519; 554; 583.
- 36.
Willich, Lectures on diet and regimen, p. 672: ‘Books printed for T.N. Longman’.
- 37.
Geddes, Modest Apology for the Roman Catholics of Great Britain addressed to all moderate protestants, p. xi.
- 38.
See, for instance, Espagne, Transferts culturels and Leerssen, ‘Nationalism and the cultivation of culture’. While Michel Espagne thinks that ‘la diversité des personnalités enregistrées empeche les études sérielles’ (the diversity of the recorded personalities prevents serial studies), the method used in this study demonstrated that a serial approach to the question of cultural transfers can participate, revealing the vehicles of transfers in a fairly efficient and rapid way.
- 39.
Burrows, French Exile Journalism, p. 62.
- 40.
The fourth copy cannot be categorically identified as such since the place of publication is missing. It is probably the edition from Hamburg.
- 41.
Reboul, French Emigration to Great Britain, pp. 155–163. See also appendix.
- 42.
See Eisenstein, Grub Street abroad.
- 43.
This is particularly visible in the increase in the number of English translations of émigré books in the mid-1790s and the rapidity of their publication. See Reboul, p. 160.
- 44.
Watson 1829, p. 11, item 293—the edition actually catalogued for sale has not been identified due to a lack of details offered by the catalogue compiler.
- 45.
The two other translators were Robert Clifford (Roberts 1828, p. 4 item 35—Barruel’s (Abbé) History of Jacobinism , 4 vols., 1797) and John Fenwick (Bankes 1803, p. 11 item 301—‘Fenwick’s Memoirs of Dumourier 1764 [i.e. 1794]’).
- 46.
Respectively, Baxter 1812, p. 48, item 1047 and Sumner_Anonymous 1814, p. 2, item 34. Baxter 1812, p. 49, item 1068, and Roberts 1828, p. 6, item 126. Green 1800, p. 9, item 20; Wilkes 1802, p. 5, item 143; Baxter 1812, p. 49, item 1064; Garrick 1823, p. 21, item 622, and Roberts 1828, p. 17, item 472. Garrick 1823, p. 15, item 548. Radford 1815, p. 10, item 246.
- 47.
Roberts 1828, p. 6, item 126.
- 48.
ONDB: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7038 (accessed on 02/04/2018)
- 49.
Dallas, Miscellaneous Works and Novels, vol. I, ‘Preface’, p. xvi.
- 50.
Astbury, ‘The trans-national dimensions of the Émigré novel’, p. 811.
- 51.
See Reboul, p. 158.
- 52.
Allan, ‘Book-Collecting and Literature in Eighteenth-Century Britain’, pp. 76.
- 53.
Launched in September 1798, this successful series of political essays ran until March 1800.
- 54.
Burrows, ‘Cultural politics of exile’, p. 158; see also his French Exile Journalism, p. 75
- 55.
Black, The English Press in the Eighteenth Century.
- 56.
Gauthier de Brécy, Mémoires véridiques et ingénues de la vie privée, morale et politique d’un homme de bien, pp. 274–276.
- 57.
Saint Clair, p. 257; see also Colclough, p. 108.
- 58.
See Grenby, ‘The Anti-Jacobin Novel: British Fiction, British Conservatism and the Revolution in France’. A large number of Anti-Jacobin novels identified by Grenby were listed in these libraries, including The Minstrel, Robert Bisset, Douglas or the Highlander; Samuel Egerton Brydges, Arthur Fitz-Albini; Mary Charlton, The Parisian; Elizabeth Helme, The Farmer of Inglewood Forest; Charles Lloyd, Edmund Oliver; S. Pearson, The Medallion; Mary Robinson, The Natural Daughter; Charlotte Smith, Marchmont; Thomas Skinner Surr, George Barnwell.
- 59.
Colclough, p. 121.
- 60.
Espagne, pp. 28–29.
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Appendix: List of Short Name References and Corresponding Catalogue Bibliographical Details
Appendix: List of Short Name References and Corresponding Catalogue Bibliographical Details
References | Short title |
|---|---|
Anonymous 1796 | A Catalogue of a most capital and valuable library of books […] by a gentleman, retiring into the country […]. (London: Christie, 1796). |
Anonymous 1803 | A Catalogue of a Small Collection of Books […] which will be sold […] on Friday, February 11, 1803 […] (London: Mr. King, 1803) |
Baldwin 1796 | Catalogue of books, being the remaining part of the library of the late Richard Baldwin, Esq. […] (Dublin: James Vallance, 1796). |
Bankes 1803 | A Catalogue of the valuable library […] of Mr. Henry Bankes […] (London: Leigh and Sotheby, 1803). |
Baxter 1812 | A Catalogue of a valuable Library selected […] by the late Stafford Squire Baxter, esq. […] (London: King & Lochée, 1812) |
Beloes 1803 | A Catalogue of a small collection of books, including a very choice and valuable selection of English poetry […]. (London: King, 1803). |
Bryan 1828 | A Catalogue of the valuable library of the late Burges Bryan, Esq […] (London: Sotheby, Strand) |
Burrell 1796 | A catalogue of the town-library of the late Sir William Burrell: Bart. L.L.D. Fellow of the Antiquary Society, Deceased […]. (London: 1796). |
Carr 1807 | Library of books, & furniture. A catalogue of the library of John Carr, L.L.D. deceased […]. (London: Barker, 1807). |
Coleman 1795 | A Catalogue of the […] Library of Books of the Rev. Dr. Coleman […] (London: Christie, 1795) |
Dutens 1802 | A Catalogue of an elegant and choice selection from the library of the Rev. L. Dutens […] (London: Leigh, Sotheby, & son, 1802) |
Fazakerley 1801 | A Catalogue of the genuine and extensive library of a gentleman, lately deceased, (remove from his residence at Windsor, for convenience of sale) […] (London: King and Lochée, 1801). |
Garrick 1823 | A Catalogue of the library […] of David Garrick, Esq. […] with the modern works added thereto by Mrs Garrick […] (London: Saunders, 1823) |
Gaubert 1800 | A catalogue of the choice collection of prints, drawings, books, books of prints […] late the property of W. Gaubert, Esq. late of Turnham-Green, deceased […]. (London: King, 1800). |
Geddes 1804 | A Catalogue of the […] library of the late Alexander Geddes D.D. […](London: Leigh, Sotheby, & son, 1804) |
Green 1800 | A Catalogue of the neat household furniture […] of Mr. Robert Green, decd. […] (London: Griffith & co, 1800) |
Hinton_Anonymous 1816 | A catalogue of books, prints, and portraits, late the property of Mr Henry Hinton, […] together with the portion of the library of another gentleman […]. (London: King, 1816). |
Jones 1803 | A Catalogue […] part the property of Mr. Jones of Chelsea, deceased […] (London: King, 1803) |
Martin 1799 | A catalogue of the […] collection of books, prints, books of prints […] The property of the late David Martin, esquire, portrait painter to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales […]. (Edinburgh: C. Elliot and William Bruce, 1799). |
Masters 1799 | Bibliotheca Mastersiana […] (London: Arrowsmith and Bowley, 1798) |
Pickard 1802 | A Catalogue (part the second) containing the Library of Books […] the property of Leonard Pickard, Esq. of York […] (London: King, 1802) |
Piozzi 1816 | Streatham Park, Surrey. A catalogue of the […] household furniture […] also, the extensive and well-selected library […] the genuine property of Mrs. Piozzi […]. (London: Squibb, 1816). |
Radford 1815 | A Catalogue […] late the property of George Radford (London: King Jun. 1815) |
Richards 1812 | A Catalogue of the Valuable Library late the property of Thomas Bryan Richards […] (London: King & Lochée, 1812) |
Ritson 1803 | A Catalogue of the entire and curious library and manuscripts of the late Joseph Ritson, Esq., of Gray’s Inn […]. (London: Leigh, Sotheby and Son, 1803). |
Roberts 1828 | Catalogue of the Valuable Library of Edward Walpole Roberts […] (London: Sotheby, 1828) |
Robinson 0000 | A Catalogue of the Valuable and well-chosen Library […] of T.H. Robinson […] (Manchester: Winstanley, unk.) |
Smyth 1797 | A catalogue of the curious and valuable library of George Smyth: Esq. […] (London: Leigh and Sotheby, 1797) |
Strettell 1820 | A Catalogue of the curious and valuable library of Amos Strettell, Esq. […] (London: Evans, 1820) |
Sumner_Anonymous 1814 | A Catalogue of the Library of the late Revd. Dr. Sumner […] to which are added the books of an architect […] (London: Evans, 1814) |
Taylor 1818 | A Catalogue of the […] library of the late Rev. T.G. Taylor […]. (Ipswich: 1818). |
Topham 1804 | A Catalogue of the entire and valuable Library and Manuscripts of the late John Topham […] (London: Leigh, Sotheby, and Son, 1804) |
Trevelyan 1818 | Catalogue of the entire Law Library of Raleigh Trevelyan. […]. (Newcastle: Emerson Charnley, 1818). |
Usher_Clarendon_Anonynous 1796 | Catalogue of books, prints, and books of print being the libraries of the Late Rev. Doctor Usher, F.T.C.D.: Mr. Clarendon, and another gentleman […]. (Dublin: James Vallance, 1796). |
Walcott 1800 | A catalogue of the books and manuscripts, of the Late Mrs. Walcott. […] (Dublin: James Vallance, 1800) |
Walwyn 1800 | A catalogue of the elegant household furniture, and a variety of valuable effects, of James Walwyn, Esq. deceased. […]. (London: Willock, 1800). |
Watson 1829 | Catalogue of the valuable library […] of the late Holland Watson […] (Liverpool: Branch & Son, 1829) |
Wilkes 1802 | A Catalogue of the very valuable library of the late John Wilkes, Esq. M.P. […] (London: Leigh, Sotheby, & son, 1802) |
Windham 1811 | A Catalogue of the entire and valuable library of the late Joseph Windham, Esq. […] (London: Leigh and Sotheby, 1811) |
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Reboul, J. (2019). Counter-Revolutionary Transfers? Émigré Literature and the Subject of the French Emigration in British Private Libraries (1790s–1830). In: Philip, L., Reboul, J. (eds) French Emigrants in Revolutionised Europe. War, Culture and Society, 1750 –1850. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27435-1_6
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