Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Short-Term Occupations During the Early Middle Paleolithic in Eastern Germany

  • Chapter
Short-Term Occupations in Paleolithic Archaeology

Part of the book series: Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology ((IDCA))

Abstract

Prehistoric hunter–gatherers frequently relocated to avoid foraging in previously depleted areas. Lakes and rivers played important roles in these movements as fixed locations in the landscape where foragers could have access to clean water and ambush thirsty animals. The types of human occupations along lakes and rivers could have been various depending on the aims of displacements and the activities carried out at the shore. Repeated settlements in the same areas could have generated palimpsests rich in archeological artifacts that are not always easy to disentangle and interpret. This study aims to present new data on two early Middle Paleolithic open-air sites, Markkleeberg and Zwochau, located on riverbanks in Eastern Germany. Results indicate that the settlements were short term and that Neanderthals applied different strategies of production and artifact exports off-site. In a broader perspective, the settlement systems in North–Central Europe during the Early Middle Paleolithic comprise a wide range of behaviors within the short-term category. The distinction between these different types of occupations will shed light on the behavioral plasticity of Neanderthals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Bibliography

  • Antoine, P., Limondin Lozouet, N., Chaussé, C., Lautridou, J.-P., Pastre, J.-F., Auguste, P., et al. (2007). Pleistocene fluvial terraces from northern France (Seine, Yonne, Somme): Synthesis, and new results from interglacial deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(22–24), 2701–2723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.01.036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arrizabalaga, A., Rios-Garaizar, J., & Alvarez-Alonso, D. (2015). The past is out there: Open-air Palaeolithic sites and new research strategies in the Cantabrian region (northern Iberia). Quaternary International, 364, 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.07.051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Auguste, P. (1995). Cadres biostratigraphique et paléoécologique du peuplement humain dans la France septentrionale durant la Pléistocène. Apports de l’étude paléontologique des grands mammifères du gisement de Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais). Paris: Ph.D. Thesis unpublished, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, G. (2007). Time perspectives, palimpsests and the archaeology of time. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 26(2), 198–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2006.08.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R. (1978). Nunamiut ethnoarchaeology: A case study in archaeological formation processes. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R. (1980). Willow smoke and dogs’ tail: Hunter-gatherer settlement system and archaeological site formation. American Antiquity, 45(1), 4–20. https://doi.org/10.2307/279653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R. (1981). Behavioral archaeology and the “Pompeii premise”. Journal of Anthropological Research, 37(3), 195–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R. (1982a). The archaeology of place. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 1(1), 5–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4165(82)90006-X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R. (1982b). Objectivity-explanation-archaeology. In C. Renfrew, M. J. Rowlands, & B. A. Seagraves (Eds.), Theory and explanation in archaeology: The Southampton conference (pp. 125–138). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R. (1983). Pursuit of the past: Decoding the archaeological record. New York: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boëda, E. (1994). Le Concept Levallois: Variabilitè des Méthodes. Paris: Centre de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourguignon, L., Faivre, J.-P., & Turq, A. (2004). Ramification des chaînes opératoires: Une spécificité du moustérien ? Paléo, Revue d’Archéologie Préhistorique, 16, 37–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenet, M. (2011). Variabilité et signification des productions lithiques au Paléolithique moyen ancien. L’exemple de trois gisements de plein-air du Bergeracois. Dordogne: Université Bordeaux 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, A. (2006). Neanderthal settlement patterns in Crimea: A landscape approach. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 25(4), 510–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2006.03.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chabai, V. P., & Uthmeier, T. (2006). Settlement systems in the Crimean Middle Paleolithic. In V. P. Chabai, J. Richter, & T. Uthmeier (Eds.), Kabazi II: The 70 000 years since the last interglacial. Simferopol-Cologne: Shlyakh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conard, N. J., & Adler, D. S. (1997). Lithic reduction and hominid behavior in the Middle Paleolithic of the Rhineland. Journal of Anthropological Research, 53(2), 147–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conard, N. J., & Bolus, M. (2008). Radiocarbon dating the late Middle Paleolithic and the Aurignacian of the Swabian Jura. Journal of Human Evolution, 55(5), 886–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conard, N. J., Bolus, M., & Münzel, S. C. (2012). Middle Paleolithic land use, spatial organization and settlement intensity in the Swabian Jura, southwestern Germany. Quaternary International, 247(0), 236–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, M. -C., Bernard-Guelle, S., Rué, M., & Fernandes, P. (2012). New data on the exploitation of flint outcrops during the Middle Palaeolithic: The Mousterian workshop of Chêne Vert at Dirac (Charente, France). Paléo, Revue d’Archéologie Préhistorique, 55–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Loecker, D. (2005). Beyond the site. The Saalian Archaeological Record at Maastricht-Belvédère (The Netherlands). Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia, vol. 35/36. Leiden: Leiden University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dibble, H. L., Holdaway, S. J., Lin, S. C., Braun, D. R., Douglass, M. J., Iovita, R., et al. (2017). Major fallacies surrounding stone artifacts and assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 24(3), 813–851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-016-9297-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L., & Hughes, P. D. E. (2011). Quaternary glaciations, extent and chronology (Developments in quaternary sciences) (p. ii). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00081-7.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Eren, M. I., & Lycett, S. J. (2012). Why Levallois? A morphometric comparison of experimental “preferential” Levallois flake versus debitage flakes. PLoS One, 7(1), e29273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etzold, F. (1916). Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Steinzeit bei Leipzig und bei Merseburg. Die Lagerungsverhâltnisse der Artefakte fiihrenden altdiluvialen PleiBeschotter bei Markkleeberg. Sitzungsberichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Leipzig, 43(44), 1917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-Laso, C., Rivals, F., & Rosell, J. (2010). Intra-site changes in seasonality and their consequences on the faunal assemblages from Abri Romaní (Middle Paleolithic, Spain). Quaternaire, 21(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.4000/quaternaire.5525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiorenza, L., Benazzi, S., Henry, A. G., Salazar-García, D. C., Blasco, R., Picin, A., et al. (2015). To meat or not to meat? New perspectives on Neanderthal ecology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 156, 43–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, W. J., Sánchez Goñi, M. F., Allen, J. R. M., Cheddadi, R., Combourieu-Nebout, N., Huntley, B., et al. (2010). Millennial-scale variability during the last glacial in vegetation records from Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29(21–22), 2839–2864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Floss, H. (2014). Rivers as orientation axes for migrations, raw material transport and exchange in the upper palaeolithic of Central Europe. In Y. Masayoshi, O. Akira, & O. Marcel (Eds.), Lithic raw material exploitation and circulation in prehistory: A comparative perspective in diverse palaeoenvironments (pp. 11–22). Liège: Service de Préhistoire ERAUL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, C. (1987). Man the Shoveler. In O. Soffer (Ed.), The pleistocene old world: Regional perspectives (pp. 81–98). Boston: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1817-0_6.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Geneste, J.-M. (1988). Technologie du débitage, économie et circulation de la matière première lithique. In J.-P. Rigaud (Ed.), La Grotte Vaufrey à Cenac et Saint-Julien (Dordogne): Paléoenvironments, chronologie, et activités humaines (pp. 441–517). Paris: CNRS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goval, E., Hérisson, D., Locht, J.-L., & Coudenneau, A. (2016). Levallois points and triangular flakes during the Middle Palaeolithic in northwestern Europe: Considerations on the status of these pieces in the Neanderthal hunting toolkit in northern France. Quaternary International, 411, Part A, 216–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grahmann, R., & Movius, H. L., Jr. (1955). The Lower Palaeolithic site of Markkleeberg and other comparable localities near Leipzig. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 45(6), 509–687. https://doi.org/10.2307/1005742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hérisson, D. (2012). Étude des comportements des premiers Néandertaliens du Nord de la France. Les occupations saaliennes des gisements de Biache-Saint-Vaast et de Therdonne. Lille: Ph.D. Thesis unpublished, Université Charles de Gaulle-Lille III.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hérisson, D., Brenet, M., Cliquet, D., Moncel, M.-H., Richter, J., Scott, B., et al. (2016). The emergence of the Middle Palaeolithic in north-western Europe and its southern fringes. Quaternary International, 411, Part A, 233–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.049.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holdaway, S., & Wandsnider, L. (2008). Time in archaeology: Time perspectivism revisited. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosfield, R. (2016). Walking in a winter wonderland? Strategies for early and middle Pleistocene survival in Midlatitude Europe. Current Anthropology, 57(5), 653–682. https://doi.org/10.1086/688579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hovers, E. (2017). Middle palaeolithic open-air sites. In O. Bar-Yosef & Y. Enzel (Eds.), Quaternary of the Levant: Environments, climate change, and humans (pp. 593–600). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316106754.065.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Inizian, M.-L., Roche, H., & Tixier, J. (1992). Technology of knapped stone. Meudon: CREP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, G. L. (1981). Stone age visiting cards: Approaches to the study of early land use patterns. In I. Hodder, G. L. Isaac, & N. Hammond (Eds.), Patterns of the past: Studies in honour of David Clarke (pp. 131–155). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, K. H. (1911). Paläolithische Funde aus Leipzigs Umgebung. Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 3(1), 116–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, K. H., & Gäbert, C. (1914). Die Altsteinzeitliche Fundstelle Markkleeberg bei Leipzig. Veröffentlichen des städtischen Museums für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahlke, R. -D. (1999). The history of the origin, evolution and dispersal of the late Pleistocene Mammuthus-coelodonta faunal complex in Eurasia (large mammals). Rapid City: Fenske Companies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, R. L. (1983). Hunter-gatherer mobility strategies. Journal of Anthropological Research, 39, 277–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, R. L. (1995). The foraging spectrum. Diversity in hunter-gatherer lifeways. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenigswald, W. (2011). Discontinuities in the faunal assemblages and early human populations of central and Western Europe during the middle and late Pleistocene. In S. Condemi & G. -C. Weniger (Eds.), Continuity and discontinuity in the peopling of Europe (pp. 101–112). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0492-3_9.

  • Kolen, J. C. A. (2000). Hominids without homes: On the nature of middle Palaeolithic settlement in Europe. In W. Roebroeks & C. Gamble (Eds.), The middle palaeolithic occupation of Europe (pp. 139–176). Leiden: Leiden University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauer, T., & Weiss, M. (2018). Timing of the Saalian-and Elsterian glacial cycles and the implications for middle–Pleistocene hominin presence in Central Europe. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 5111. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23541-w.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Litt, T., & Field, M. H. (1996). Zur Ökologie und Stratigraphie des paläolithischen Fundplatzes bei Zwochau aufgrund paläobotanischer Untersuchungen. Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, 38, 85–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locht, J.-L. (2002). Bettencourt-Saint-Ouen (Somme) : cinq occupations paléolithiques au début de la dernière glaciation. Paris: Maison des sciences de l’Homme.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Locht, J.-L., Antoine, P., Hérisson, D., Gadebois, G., & Debenham, N. (2010). Une occupation de la phase ancienne du Paléolithique moyen à Therdonne (Oise). Chronostratigraphie, production de pointes Levallois et réduction des nucléus. Gallia Préhistoire, 52, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.3406/galip.2010.2469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machado, J., Mallol, C., & Hernández, C. M. (2015). Insights into Eurasian Middle Paleolithic settlement dynamics: The palimpsest problem. In N. J. Conard & A. Delagnes (Eds.), Settlement dynamics of the middle Paleolithic and middle stone age (Vol. IV, pp. 361–382). Tübingen: Kerns Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mania, D., & Baumann, W. (1983). Die paläolithische Neufunde von Markkleeberg bei Leipzig. Dresden: Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Dresden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meignen, L., Bar-Yosef, O., Speth, J. D., & Stiner, M. C. (2006). Middle Paleolithic settlement patterns in the Levant. Transitions before the transition (pp. 149–169). Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24661-4_9.

  • Mishra, S., White, M. J., Beaumont, P., Antoine, P., Bridgland, D. R., Limondin-Lozouet, N., et al. (2007). Fluvial deposits as an archive of early human activity. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(22), 2996–3016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moncel, M.-H., Moigne, A.-M., & Combier, J. (2005). Pre-Neandertal behaviour during isotopic stage 9 and the beginning of stage 8. New data concerning fauna and lithics in the different occupation levels of orgnac 3 (Ardèche, South-East France): Occupation types. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32(9), 1283–1301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.03.014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moncel, M.-H., & Rivals, F. (2011). On the question of short-term Neanderthal site occupations: Payre, France (MIS 8-7), and Taubach/Weimar, Germany (MIS 5). Journal of Anthropological Research, 67, 47–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohel, M. Y. (1987). More on the effects of burrowing animals on archaeological site formation. American Antiquity, 52(4), 856–857. https://doi.org/10.2307/281396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pasda, C. (1996). Rohknolle, Vollkern oder Abschlag? Strategien der Rohmaterialnutzung im Mittelpaläolithikum von Zwochau (Leipziger Tieflandsbucht). Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, 26(1), 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasda, C., & Pasda, K. (1996). Silexverarbeitung am Rohmaterialvorkommen im Mittelpleistozän. Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, 38, 13–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Picin, A. (2016). Short-term occupations at the lakeshore: A technological reassessment of the open–air site Königsaue (Germany). Quartär, 7–32. https://doi.org/10.7485/QU63_1.

  • Picin, A. (2018). Technological adaptation and the emergence of Levallois in Central Europe: New insight from the Markkleeberg and Zwochau open-air sites in Germany. Journal of Quaternary Science, 33(3), 300–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Picin, A., & Carbonell, E. (2016). Neanderthal mobility and technological change in the northeastern of the Iberian Peninsula: The patterns of chert exploitation at the Abric Romaní rock-shelter. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 15, 581–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2015.09.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Picin, A., Peresani, M., Falguères, C., Gruppioni, G., & Bahain, J.-J. (2013). San Bernardino cave (Italy) and the appearance of Levallois Technology in Europe: Results of a radiometric and technological reassessment. PLoS One, 8(10), e76182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Picin, A., & Vaquero, M. (2016). Flake productivity in the Levallois recurrent centripetal and discoid technologies: New insights from experimental and archaeological lithic series. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 8, 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.05.062.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Picin, A., Vaquero, M., & Weniger, G.-C. (2014). Flake morphologies and patterns of core configuration at the Abric Romaní rock-shelter: A geometric morphometric approach. Quaternary International, 350, 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rendu, W., Costamagno, S., Meignen, L., & Soulier, M.-C. (2012). Monospecific faunal spectra in Mousterian contexts: Implications for social behavior. Quaternary International, 247(0), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.01.022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, J. (2011). When did the middle Paleolithic begin? In N. J. Conard & J. Richter (Eds.), Neanderthal lifeways, subsistence and technology (pp. 7–14). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0415-2_2.

  • Roebroeks, W. (1988). From find scatters to early hominid behaviour. A study of middle Palaeolithic Riverside settlements at Maastricht-Belvédère (the Netherlands). Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 21. Leiden: Leiden University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roebroeks, W. (2006). The human colonisation of Europe: Where are we? Journal of Quaternary Science, 21(5), 425–435. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roebroeks, W., De Loecker, D., Hennekens, P., & van Ieperen, M. (1992). “A veil of stones”: On the interpretation of an early Middle Palaeolithic low density scatter at Maastricht-Belvédère (the Netherlands). Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia, 25, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosell, J., Blasco, R., Fernández-Laso, M. C., Vaquero, M., & Carbonell, E. (2012). Connecting areas: Faunal refits as a diagnostic element to identify synchronicity in the Abric Romaní archaeological assemblages. Quaternary International, 252(0), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.02.019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rots, V. (2013). Insights into early Middle Palaeolithic tool use and hafting in Western Europe. The functional analysis of level IIa of the early Middle Palaeolithic site of Biache-Saint-Vaast (France). Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(1), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.06.042.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer, J., Laurat, T., & Kegler, J. (2003). Bericht zu den Ausgrabungen am altsteinzeitlichen Fundplatz Markkleeberg 1999 bis 2001. Arbeits-und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, 45, 13–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiffer, M. B. (1983). Toward the identification of formation processes. American Antiquity, 48(4), 675–706. https://doi.org/10.2307/279771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffer, M. B. (1985). Is there a “Pompeii Premise” in archaeology? Journal of Anthropological Research, 41(1), 18–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharon, G., Zaidner, Y., & Hovers, E. (2014). Opportunities, problems and future directions in the study of open-air Middle Paleolithic sites. Quaternary International, 331, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.03.055.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, W. W. (1964). Tethered nomadism and water territoriality: An hypothesis. Acts of the 35th International Congress of Americanists.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toucanne, S., Zaragosi, S., Bourillet, J. F., Cremer, M., Eynaud, F., Van Vliet-Lanoë, B., et al. (2009). Timing of massive ‘Fleuve Manche’ discharges over the last 350 kyr: Insights into the European ice-sheet oscillations and the European drainage network from MIS 10 to 2. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28(13–14), 1238–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.01.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuffreau, A., & Sommé, J. (1988). Le gisement paléolithique moyen de Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais). Stratigraphie, environnement études archéologiques. Paris: Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique de France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turq, A., Faivre, J.-P., Gravina, B., & Bourguignon, L. (2017). Building models of Neanderthal territories from raw material transports in the Aquitaine Basin (southwestern France). Quaternary International, 433, 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.062.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turq, A., Roebroeks, W., Bourguignon, L., & Faivre, J.-P. (2013). The fragmented character of Middle Palaeolithic stone tool technology. Journal of Human Evolution, 65(5), 641–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.07.014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vallverdú-Poch, J., & Courty, M. -A. (2012). Microstratigraphic analysis of level J deposits: A dual Paleoenvironmental-Paleoethnographic contribution to Paleolithic archeology at the Abric Romaní. In E. Carbonell i Roura (Ed.), High resolution archaeology and neanderthal behavior (pp. 77–133). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3922-2_4.

  • Van Baelen, A. (2017). The Lower to Middle Palaeolithic transition in Northwestern Europe. Evidence from Kesselt-Op de Schans. Leuven: Leuven University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Vaquero, M. (2008). The history of stones: Behavioural inferences and temporal resolution of an archaeological assemblage from the Middle Palaeolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(12), 3178–3185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.07.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaquero, M. (2011). New perspectives on recycling of lithic resources using refitting and spatial data. Quartär, 58, 113–130. https://doi.org/10.7485/QU58_06.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaquero, M., Romagnoli, F., Bargalló, A., Chacón, M. G., Gómez de Soler, B., Picin, A., et al. (2019). Lithic refitting and intrasite artefact transport: Aa view from the Middle Paleolithic. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11(9), 4491–4513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00832-5.

  • Villa, P., Soriano, S., Grün, R., Marra, F., Nomade, S., Pereira, A., et al. (2016). The Acheulian and early Middle Paleolithic in Latium (Italy): Stability and Innovation. PLoS One, 11(8), e0160516. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wansa, S., & Junge, F. W. (2011). Quaternary geology and prehistory in the type region of the Elsterian cold stage and of the Saalian cold stage in the Halle (Saale) area. In DEUQUA (Ed.), Excursion guide of the pre-congress field trip of the INQUA Congress in Bern, Switzerland, 21–27 July 2011 (pp. 34–46). Greifswald: Geozon Science Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wansa, S., & Wimmer, R. (1996). Geologie der mittelpaläolithischen Fundstelle von Zwochau. Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, 38, 69–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiśniewski, A. (2014). The beginnings and diversity of Levallois methods in the early Middle Palaeolithic of Central Europe. Quaternary International, 326–327(0), 364–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wobst, H. M. (1978). The archaeo-ethnology of hunter-gatherers or the tyranny of the ethnographic record in archaeology. American Antiquity, 43, 303–309. https://doi.org/10.2307/279256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I thank R. Reiß of the Landesamt für Archäologie Sachsen (Dresden, Germany) for the permission to study the materials of Markkleeberg and Zwochau and U. Reute and K. Geupel for their kind assistance during my research stay. I also thank C. Pasda for useful comments and stimulating discussions. Funding for carrying out this research was provided by the Alexander Von Humboldt-Stiftung.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Archaeology, Max Plank Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany

    Andrea Picin

  2. Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Bereich für Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Jena, Germany

    Andrea Picin

  3. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

    Andrea Picin

Authors
  1. Andrea Picin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrea Picin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. ICArEHB, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

    João Cascalheira

  2. Department of Human Evolution, Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

    Andrea Picin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Picin, A. (2020). Short-Term Occupations During the Early Middle Paleolithic in Eastern Germany. In: Cascalheira, J., Picin, A. (eds) Short-Term Occupations in Paleolithic Archaeology. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27403-0_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27403-0_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27402-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-27403-0

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation