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Biomonitoring of Diffuse Contamination in the Subtropical Region of Brazil: Multibiomarker Assessment in Neotropical Freshwater Fishes

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Pollution of Water Bodies in Latin America

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Abstract

Brazil has an extensive fluvial system corresponding to approximately 18% of the available surface freshwater in the planet. Around 90% of these areas are in regions of low population density. However, the highest urban concentration is in the southeastern and southern regions of the country, which leads to serious environmental problems and restriction of access to potable water. The potential risks of contamination to aquatic biota and humans are frequently evaluated through biomonitoring programs. In general, fish are selected as bioindicator of water quality since they live immersed in water, occupy different trophic levels, and are important sources of contaminants exposed to the human populations. For this reason, the aim of this chapter is to present the results and conclusion of biomonitoring studies in rivers of subtropical region of Brazil, evaluated through a multibiomarker approach in several response levels and analyzed by multivariate and integrative approach. The field studies were performed in two Brazilian rivers: Campo River (Campo Mourão city) and Pirapó River (Maringá city), both in Paraná State. The sample design was planned to collect fishes at less polluted sites (as control points) and to compare them to sites submitted to anthropic pressure, as agricultural areas or urban zones. To measure seasonal effects, the sample efforts were ever carried out during winter and summer. The bioindicator species evaluated were the tetras Astyanax aff. paranae, benthopelagic omnivorous fish, and the armed catfish Hypostomus ancistroides, a demersal detritivorous specie. We evaluated different biomarkers as the measure of genetic damage, such as comet assay and micronucleus test (associated with erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA)); as biochemical parameter, for example, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and catalase (CAT); as histopathological evaluation; and as the condition factor (a mathematic relation between length and weight of the animal). Statistical analysis of multivariate approach was used to improve the results, visualization, and interpretation of all data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Federal University of Technology – Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil

    Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi & Elton Celton de Oliveira

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  1. Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi
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  2. Elton Celton de Oliveira
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico

    Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván

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Ghisi, N.d.C., de Oliveira, E.C. (2019). Biomonitoring of Diffuse Contamination in the Subtropical Region of Brazil: Multibiomarker Assessment in Neotropical Freshwater Fishes. In: Gómez-Oliván, L. (eds) Pollution of Water Bodies in Latin America. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27296-8_14

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