Advertisement

“Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act”: The Psychological Aspect and Its Meaning for EU-Russia Relations

  • Evgeny PashentsevEmail author
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

The chapter analyzes sanctions as an important tool of US foreign policy. The main attention is paid to the psychological aspect of sanctions within the US strategic psychological warfare with Russia. The author pays a lot of attention to the purposes, forms, and methods of use of the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act in the context of the strategic psychological warfare, as well as to some possible areas of the Russian response to that law in the sphere of strategic communication. The influence of the psychological aspect of US sanctions on the deterioration of relations between the EU and Russia is considered.

Keywords

Sanctions Strategic psychological warfare Strategic communications Russia The EU The United States 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. Al-Rubaye A (2019) Europe sets up Iran trade mechanism to bypass US sanctions. France 24. 1 Feb. https://www.france24.com/en/20190201-europe-eu-sets-iran-trade-mechanism-bypass-usa-sanctions-instex. Accessed 8 May 2019
  2. Andelman D (2017) Trump’s biggest nightmare? China and Russia’s newfound friendship. CNN. 1 Aug. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/01/opinions/china-and-russia-are-teaming-up-andelman-opinion/index.html. Accessed 8 May 2019
  3. Baumard P (2012) Les sanctions financières internationals (International financial sanctions). Revue Banque, ParisGoogle Scholar
  4. BBC News (2017) Apocalypse is 30 seconds closer, say Doomsday Clock scientists. BBC News. 25 Jan. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38760792. Accessed 8 May 2019
  5. Berman R (2016) What’s the answer to political polarization in the U.S.? The Atlantic. 8 Mar. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/whats-the-answer-to-political-polarization/470163/. Accessed 25 Mar 2019
  6. Blackwill RD, Harris JM (2016) War by other means: Geoeconomics and statecraft. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MACrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Bloomberg (2019) Anti-Europe parties set to win a third of European parliament seats, study says. Luxembourg Times. 11 Feb. https://luxtimes.lu/european-union/36457-anti-europe-parties-set-to-win-a-third-of-european-parliament-seats-study-says. Accessed 8 May 2019
  8. Bou Franch V (2014) Conflictos armados: De la vulneración de los derechos humanos a las sanciones del derecho internacional (Armed conflict: A violation of human rights to the sanctions of international law). Editorial Tirant lo Blanch, ValenciaGoogle Scholar
  9. Bury C (2000) Interview: George Stephanopoulos. Frontline. www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/clinton/interviews/stephanopoulos.html. Accessed 8 May 2019
  10. CBS News (2015) Vladimir Putin on the “positive” impact of economic sanctions. CBS News. 27 Sep. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vladimir-putin-on-positive-impact-of-economic-sanctions-60-minutes/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  11. CGTN (2019) China remains Germany’s most important trading partner for 3rd straight year. CGTN. 19 Feb. https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d774d79677a4e32457a6333566d54/index.html. Accessed 8 May 2019
  12. Chan K (2019) US News. 26 Mar. EU ignores US calls to ban Huawei in 5G security blueprint. https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2019-03-26/eu-ignores-us-calls-to-ban-huawei-in-5g-cyber-blueprint. Accessed 8 May 2019
  13. CNN Wire (2019) The Doomsday Clock says it’s almost the end of the world as we know it. Fox 8. 24 Jan. https://myfox8.com/2019/01/24/the-doomsday-clock-says-its-almost-the-end-of-the-world-as-we-know-it/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  14. Congressional Research Service (2019) US sanctions on Russia. Updated Jan 11. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  15. Connolly R (2019) Russia’s response to sanctions: How Western economic statecraft is reshaping political economy in Russia. Cambridge University Press, New York, NYGoogle Scholar
  16. Connolly R, Galeotti M, Skyner L, Wood A (2015) Sanctions on Russia: Economic effects and political rationales. Russia and Eurasia Programme Event Summary. Chatham House, LondonGoogle Scholar
  17. Department of Defense (2017) National security strategy of the United States of America. Department of Defense, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  18. Despart Z (2017) Corrupt businessmen looted Venezuela, and now many live quietly in Houston and Miami. Houston Press. 18 Apr. https://www.houstonpress.com/news/many-corrupt-venezuelans-hide-in-houston-and-miami-9335232. Accessed 8 May 2019
  19. Dobbins J, Shatz HJ, Wyne A (2019) China and Russia pose different problems for the US. They need different solutions. The Diplomat. 18 Apr. https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/china-and-russia-pose-different-problems-for-the-us-they-need-different-solutions/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  20. Donald Trump on Twitter (2019) Post from 4 May. Twitter. https://twitter.com/real.DonaldTrump/status/1124672389416144905. Accessed 8 May 2019
  21. Doraev MG (2016) Ekonomicheskie sankcii v prave SShA, Evropejskogo sojuza i Rossii (Economic sanctions in the law of the US, European Union and Russia). Infotropic Media, MoscowGoogle Scholar
  22. Durden T (2014) The full list of people who think Putin is the new Hitler. Zero Hedge. 3 May. www.zerohedge.com/news/2014-03-05/full-list-people-who-think-putin-new-hitler. Accessed 8 May 2019
  23. Durden T (2017) NATO builds infrastructure for permanent military presence near Russia’s borders. Zero Hedge. 16 May. https://www.zerohedge.com/news/2017-05-15/nato-builds-infrastructure-permanent-military-presence-near-russias-borders. Accessed 8 May 2019
  24. Ellyatt H (2019) Russia drops out of top 5 global military spenders while US and China up the ante. CNBC. 29 Apr. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/29/russia-drops-out-of-top-5-global-military-spenders.html. Accessed 29 Apr 2019
  25. European External Action Service (2018) Implementation of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action: Joint Ministerial Statement. 24 Sep. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/51036/implementation-joint-comprehensive-plan-action-joint-ministerial-statement_en. Accessed 8 May 2019
  26. Eyler R (2008) Economic sanctions: International policy and political economy at work. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, BasingstokeGoogle Scholar
  27. Financial Times (2015) Russia: Economy in tatters, or business as usual? Financial Times. 20 May. https://www.ft.com/content/e16b6e98-ea09-3ada-ba62-a0a92d059bc2. Accessed 8 May 2019
  28. Fox News (2019) Keane: The main threats to US are Russia and China. Fox News. 1 Feb. https://video.foxnews.com/v/5997593409001/#sp=show-clips. Accessed 8 May 2019
  29. France 24 (2017) US vows to help Europe repel Russian aggression. France 24. 28 Nov. https://uk.news.yahoo.com/us-vows-help-europe-repel-russian-aggression-195948081.html. Accessed 8 May 2019
  30. Galbert S (2015) A year of sanctions against Russia—now what? A European assessment of the outcome and future of Russia sanctions. Center for Strategic & International Studies, Lanham, Boulder, New York, LondonGoogle Scholar
  31. German Foreign Policy (2019) War of sanctions against Russia. German Foreign Policy. 4 Jan. https://www.german-foreign-policy.com/en/news/detail/7903/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  32. Giumelli F (2011) Coercing, constraining and signalling: Explaining UN and EU sanctions after the Cold War. European Consortium for Political Research, ColchesterGoogle Scholar
  33. Global Sanctions Summit (2019) Risk management at the intersection of global security and commerce. https://www.globalsanctionssummit.com/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  34. Gompert DС, Binnendijk H (2016) The power to coerce: Countering adversaries without going to war. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CACrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Gompert DС, Cevallos AS, Garafola СL (2016) War with China: Thinking the unthinkable. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CACrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Gordon J (2012) Invisible war: The United States and the Iraq sanctions. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar
  37. Grossman G, Manekin D, Margalit Y (2018) How sanctions affect public opinion in target countries: Experimental evidence from Israel. J Comparative Political Studies 51(14):1823–1857CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Gurzu A (2019) Nord Stream 2: Who fared best. Politico. 13 Feb. https://www.politico.eu/article/the-winners-and-losers/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  39. Haggard S, Noland M (2017) Hard target: Sanctions, inducements, and the case of North Korea (studies in Asian security). Stanford University Press, Stanford, CACrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Happold M, Eden P (eds) (2016) Economic sanctions and international law. Hart Publishing, Oxford, Portland, ORGoogle Scholar
  41. Hufbauer GC, Schott JJ, Elliott KA, Oegg B (2007) Economic sanctions reconsidered. Third Edition. Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  42. Inozemtsev V (2017) “Chernaja metka” rossijskoj elite: Chem opasny sankcii SShA protiv Rossii (“Black mark” for the Russian elite: The dangerous US sanctions against Russia). Information and analytical portal “Hvilya”. 12 Aug. https://hvylya.net/analytics/geopolitics/chernaya-metka-rossiyskoy-elite-chem-opasnyi-sanktsii-ssha-protiv-rossii.html. Accessed 8 May 2019
  43. Jacques J (2017) Russia allying with China. The Trumpet. 21 Nov. https://www.thetrumpet.com/16528-russia-allying-with-china. Accessed 8 May 2019
  44. Janjevic D (2018) Western sanctions on Russia: Lots of noise and little impact. Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/western-sanctions-on-russia-lots-of-noise-and-little-impact/a-43271200. Accessed 25 May 2019
  45. Jeydel P, Egan B, Rathbone M, Wang J, Hayes J, Early A, Baj A, Steptoe & Johnson LLP, Steptoe Client Advisory (2017) A detailed look at the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act. Aug 10. In: Flanagan PL, Wall CR (eds) Coping with U.S. Export Controls and Sanctions 2017. Practising Law Institute, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  46. Kapkanshchikov SG, Kapkanshchikova SV (2018) Gibridnaja vojna kak ugroza jekonomicheskoj bezopasnosti Rossii, i sankcii kak ee vedushhij instrument (Hybrid warfare as a threat to economic security of Russia and the sanctions as its leading tool). J Nacional’nye interesy: Prioritety i bezopasnost’ (National Interests: Priorities and Security) 6:1044–1059CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Keshner MV (2015) Ekonomicheskie sankcii v sovremennom mezhdunarodnom prave (Economic sanctions in contemporary international law). Prospect, MoscowGoogle Scholar
  48. Lack R (2018) US issues the much-anticipated “Kremlin report” under new Russia sanctions law. Trade and manufacturing monitor. 30 Jan. https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/u-s-issues-the-much-anticipated-kremlin-81588/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  49. Lenta.ru (2016a) Glaz’ev ocenil ubytki ot sankcij v chetvert’ trilliona dollarov (Glazyev estimated losses from sanctions in a quarter of a trillion dollars). Lenta. 15 Mar. https://lenta.ru/news/2016/03/15/damage/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  50. Lenta.ru (2016b) Putin ocenil vlijanie sankcij na jekonomiku Rossii (Putin assessed the impact of sanctions on the Russian economy). Lenta. 12 Oct. https://lenta.ru/news/2016/10/12/sanctions/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  51. Lenta.ru (2018) Rossijskaja ekonomika ispugalas’ amerikanskih sankcij (The Russian economy was afraid of American sanctions). Lenta. 6 Nov. https://lenta.ru/news/2018/11/06/sanctions/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  52. Leyton-Brown D (ed) (2019) The utility of international economic sanctions. Routledge, LondonGoogle Scholar
  53. Los Angeles Times (2017) Read President Trump’s statements outlining his concerns about the Russia sanctions bill. Los Angeles Times. 02 Aug. URL: www.latimes.com/politics/washington/la-na-essential-washington-updates-read-president-trump-s-statement-1501687924-htmlstory.html. Accessed 8 May 2019
  54. MacAskill E, Crerar P (2018) Donald Trump tells NATO allies to spend 4% of GDP on defence. The Guardian. 11 Jul. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/11/donald-trump-tells-nato-allies-to-spend-4-of-gdp-on-defence. Accessed 8 May 2019
  55. Mileta VI, Kazak YV (2018) Destruktivnoe vlijanie sankcij v sfere energetiki Rossii (Destructive impact of sanctions in the energy sector of Russia). J Sovremennye nauchnye issledovanija i razrabotki (Contemporary Research and Development) 5(2):386–391Google Scholar
  56. Millwee JS (2016) Effectiveness of United States-led economic sanctions as a counterproliferation tool against Iran’s nuclear weapons program. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CAGoogle Scholar
  57. Miroshnichenko LN, Shariy VI (2017) Sankcii kak sredstvo informacionnoj vojny v ekonomike (Sanctions as a means of information war in the economy). J Novaja nauka: Ot idei k rezul’tatu (New Science: From Idea to Result) 2(2):58–61Google Scholar
  58. Mishulin GM, Kolis AA (2018) Sankcii v otnoshenii Rossii kak katalizator processov raskrytija vnutrennego potenciala vosstanovlenija i razvitija (Sanctions against Russia as a catalyst for the processes of disclosure of the internal potential of recovery and development). In: Nauchnye trudy KubGTU (Research Works of the Kuban State University) 6:236–249Google Scholar
  59. Mukhin OV (2016) K voprosu ob ispol’zovanii sredstv informacionnoj vojny v ekonomike (On the use of information warfare in the economy). J Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Philology. Journalism) 2:123–125Google Scholar
  60. Nelson RM (2017) US sanctions and Russia’s economy. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  61. Nephew R (2017) The art of sanctions: A view from the field. Columbia University Press, New York, NYCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Neuteboom N, Jongkees B (2019) Sanctions against Russia: The known unknown. ABN AMRO Bank N.V., AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
  63. Newsland (2017) Za druzej Putina, “postradavshih” ot sankcij, zaplatit naselenie (For Putin’s friends, “victims” of sanctions, will pay the population). Newsland. https://newsland.com/user/ 4296757178/content/za-druzei-putina-postradavshikh-ot-sanktsii-zaplatit-naselenie/6133302. Accessed 8 May 2019
  64. News Lanes (2019) Venezuela crisis: ‘This is OUR hemisphere!’ US warns Russia against protecting Maduro. News Lanes. 2 May. https://newslanes.com/2019/05/02/venezuela-crisis-this-is-our-hemisphere-us-warns-russia-against-protecting-maduro/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  65. Niemuth N (2019) Preparing for World War III: Global military spending tops $1.8 trillion, highest on record. The Iranian. 1 May. https://iranian.com/2019/05/01/preparing-for-world-war-iii-global-military-spending-tops-1-8-trillion-highest-on-record/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  66. Novye Izvestia (2018) Nichego lichnogo, tol’ko biznes. Al’fa-bank otkazalsja ot raboty s VPK (Nothing personal, just business. Alfa-Bank refused to work with the MIC). Novye Izvestia. 5 Jan. https://newizv.ru/news/economy/05-01-2018/nichego-lichnogo-tolko-biznes-alfa-bank-otkazalsya-ot-raboty-s-vpk. Accessed 8 May 2019
  67. Nureev RM (ed) (2017) Ekonomicheskie sankcii protiv Rossii: ozhidanija i real’nost’ (Economic sanctions against Russia: expectations and reality). Knorus, MoscowGoogle Scholar
  68. Paletta В, Mufson S (2017) Trump federal budget 2018: Massive cuts to the arts, science and the poor. The Washington Post. 16 Mar. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trump-federal-budget-2018-massive-cuts-to-the-arts-science-and-the-poor/2017/03/15/0a0a0094-09a1-11e7-a15f-a58d4a988474_story.html?utm_term=.9777ee1c7cc3. Accessed 8 May 2019
  69. Palomar AP (2014) Fuentes de energía y derecho internacional: Conflictos, principios, sanciones y seguridad (Sources of energy and international law: Conflicts, principles, sanctions and security). Editorial Dykinson, MadridGoogle Scholar
  70. Pashentsev EN (2014) Strategicheskaja provokacija “Ukraina” (Strategic provocation “Ukraine”). ICSPSC, MoscowGoogle Scholar
  71. Putzier K (2014) Putin and Stalin: Mirror reflections. World Policy Institute. 23 Dec. www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2014/03/14/putin-and-stalin-mirror-reflections. Accessed 8 May 2019
  72. Razzhivin AY (2018) “Sankcionnaja diplomatija” kak navjazannaja model’ oficial’nyh otnoshenij ES i SShA s Rossiej (“Sanctions’ diplomacy” as a model imposed by a formal relations EU and US with Russia). Elektronnyj nauchnyj zhurnal “Arhont” (Electronic Research J “Archon”) 6:10–16Google Scholar
  73. Reiter S, Malkova I (2017) The oligarchs are next: Russian businessmen prepare for US sanctions. The Moscow Times. 23 Dec. https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/the-oligarchs-are-next-russian-businessmen-prepare-for-us-sanctions-59391. Accessed 8 May 2019
  74. Reuters (2017) China has overtaken the US as Germany’s biggest trading partner. Fortune. 24 Feb. http://fortune.com/2017/02/24/china-germany-us-france-trade/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  75. Reuters Africa (2018) Pompeo criticizes EU plan for special Iran payment channel. Reuters. 25 Sep. https://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFW1N1W900V. Accessed 8 May 2019
  76. RIA “Novosti” (2017) Rjabkov ob otnoshenijah Rossii i SShA: Situacija krajne slozhnaja i tjazhelaja (Ryabkov on relations between Russia and the United States: The situation is extremely difficult). RIA “Novosti”. 5 Dec. https://ria.ru/20171205/1510272922.html. Accessed 8 May 2019
  77. RIA “Novosti” (2019) Shojgu zajavil o svjazi politiki SShA v Venesujele s doktrinoj Monro (Shoigu said about the connection of US policy in Venezuela with the Monroe doctrine). RIA “Novosti”. 24 Apr. https://ria.ru/20190424/1552992570.html. Accessed 8 May 2019
  78. Richardson D (2019) John Bolton reaffirms America’s commitment to the Monroe Doctrine with new sanctions. Observer. 17 Apr. https://observer.com/2019/04/john-bolton-monroe-doctrine-sanctions-venezuela-nicaragua-cuba/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  79. RT (2019) Russia-US trade turnover hit $25 billion & rising despite sanctions – Lavrov. RT. 26 Mar. https://www.rt.com/business/454798-russia-us-turnover-rises/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  80. Russian Federation Defense Ministry (2019) VIII Moscow Conference on International Security. http://eng.mil.ru/en/mcis/index.htm. Accessed 8 May 2019
  81. Russian Public Opinion Research Center (WCIOM) (2017) Zapadnye sankcii: Ne dozhdetes’! (Western sanctions: You can’t wait!) WCIOM. 17 Mar. https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=116113. Accessed 8 May 2019
  82. Sakwa R (2017) Russia against the rest: The post-cold war crisis of world order. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, DelhiCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Sharkov D (2017) New Cold War? Russia and US ties resemble Soviet-era showdown, says top Moscow diplomat. Newsweek. 12 May. www.newsweek.com/new-cold-war-russia-and-us-ties-resemble-soviet-era-showdown-says-top-moscow-735014. Accessed 8 May 2019
  84. Silvestrov S (2017) Novyj amerikanskij zakonodatel’nyj akt o sankcijah: Ocherednye politicheskie i ekonomicheskie vyzovy Rossii (New American legislation on sanctions: The next political and economic challenges of Russia). J Rossijskij ekonomicheskij zhurnal (Russian Economic J) 3:61–68Google Scholar
  85. Solodkyy S, Levoniuk T, Zarembo K (2018a) Who will be the first? Which countries would dare to violate the unity of the European Union against the sanctions imposed on Russia? New Europe Center, Kiev, UkraineGoogle Scholar
  86. Solodkyy S, Levoniuk T, Zarembo K (2018b) Sanctions against Russia don’t damage the EU. But Italy, Hungary, and Austria might try to get them scrapped. Euromaidan Press. 11 Dec. http://euromaidanpress.com/2018/12/11/sanctions-against-russia-dont-damage-the-eu-but-these-three-countries-want-them-scrapped/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  87. South Front (2018) Russia released list of military facilities used by US, NATO in regions near its borders. South Front. 16 Nov. https://southfront.org/russia-released-list-of-military-facilities-used-by-us-nato-in-regions-near-its-borders/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  88. Sputnik (2017) US Bans providing goods, services for Arctic offshore projects with Russia. Sputnik. 31 Oct. https://sputniknews.com/us/201710311058706074-usa-bans-russia-arctic-offshore-support/. Accessed 8 May 2019
  89. Stratfor (2017) The rise of a not-so-new world order. Stratfor Worldview. 15 Nov. https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/rise-not-so-new-world-order. Accessed 8 May 2019
  90. Sulakshin SS (ed) (2014) Sankcii+. Chto eshhe v arsenale davlenija Zapada na Rossiju? Analiticheskij doklad (Sanctions+. What else is in the arsenal of Western pressure on Russia? Analytical report). Science and politics, Moscow, RussiaGoogle Scholar
  91. Tchagna A (2014) Les sanctions internationals (International sanctions). Académiques, Sarrebrücken, GermanyGoogle Scholar
  92. The Moscow Times (2015) Obama says Western sanctions have left Russia’s economy ‘in tatters’. The Moscow Times. Jan 21. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2015/01/21/obama-says-western-sanctions-have-left-russias-economy-in-tatters-a43069. Accessed 8 May 2019
  93. Tian N, Fleurant A, Kuimova A, Wezeman PD, Wezeman ST (2019) Trends in world military expenditure, 2018. SIPRI Fact Sheet. 2 May. https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/fs_1904_milex_2018_0.pdf. Accessed 8 May 2019
  94. US Congress (2017a) 2017 Congressional sanctions against Russia, Iran and North Korea. Red Dot Publications, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  95. US Congress (2017b) One Hundred Fifteenth Congress of the United States of America. At the first session. Begun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday, the third day of January, two thousand and seventeen. An Act. To provide congressional review and to counter aggression by the Governments of Iran, the Russian Federation, and North Korea, and for other purposes. H. R. 3364. Authenticated US Government Information. US Congress. https://www.congress.gov/ 115/bills/hr3364/BILLS-115hr3364enr.pdf. Accessed 8 May 2019
  96. US Congress Committee on International Relations (2000) US policy toward Russia. Part II: Corruption in the Russian Government. Hearing, Oct 7, 1999. GPO, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  97. US Department of Defense (2018) Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy. Sharpening the American military’s competitive edge. Department of Defense, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  98. US Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) (2018) Iranian Financial Sanctions Regulations (IFSR), 75 Fed. Reg. 49,836. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, Scotts Valley, CAGoogle Scholar
  99. US Treasury (2018) Report to Congress pursuant to Section 241 of the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act of 2017 regarding senior foreign political figures and oligarchs in the Russian Federation and Russian parastatal entities. Jan 29. https://drive.google.com/file/d/11deoBDf7vR1mX0z9Q9PHw4QpuM9SE_gw/view. Accessed 8 May 2019
  100. Van Den Herik L (2017) Research handbook on UN sanctions and international law (Research Handbooks in International Law series). Edward Elgar Pub, Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MACrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. Woolf AF (2019) Conventional prompt global strike and long-range ballistic missiles: Background and issues. 3 Feb. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
  102. Wuthnow J (2014) Will China help stabilize Ukraine? National Interest. https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/will-china-help-stabilize-ukraine-9989. Accessed 8 May 2019

Copyright information

© The Author(s) 2020

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian FederationMoscowRussia

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options