Abstract
If a country’s defence policy cannot avoid dealing with the geographical space, Canada faces a major problem given the vast size of the territory to be defended. But territory plays a paradoxical role in the Canadian case. While most Canadians understand that their geostrategic location has historically kept them secure, the government, when it talks about defence, rarely invokes geography. Instead, defence statements encourage Canadians to conceive of the broader strategic environment in which their country operates in an “a-geographic” way—in other words, without reference to geography as a determinant of policy. This chapter explores this paradox, arguing that ministers have much the same view of Canada’s strategic geography as those they represent and govern. The result is that defence policy statements are purposely framed a-geographically in order to mask the realities of Canada’s strategic geography.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ashworth, Lucian M. 2010. Realism and the Spirit of 1919: Halford Mackinder, Geopolitics and the Reality of the League of Nations. European Journal of International Relations 17 (2): 279–301.
Australia, Department of Defence. 2018. Annual Report 2016–17, 15. Canberra: Department of Defence.
Ball, Desmond, and Sheryn Lee. 2018. Geography, Power, Strategy and Defence Policy: Essays in Honour of Paul Dibb. Canberra: ANU Press.
Barry, Donald, and Duane Bratt. 2008. Defense Against Help: Explaining Canada–U.S. Security Relations. American Review of Canadian Studies 38 (1): 63–89.
Buteux, Paul. 1994. Sutherland Revisited: Canada’s Long-Term Strategic Situation. Canadian Defence Quarterly 24 (1): 5–9.
Cairncross, Frances. 1997. The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution Will Change Our Lives. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Canada, Department of National Defence. 1994. White Paper on Defence.
Canada, Department of National Defence. 5 August 2004. Canada and United States Amend NORAD Agreement. News Release NR 04.058.
Canada, Department of National Defence. 2005. A Role of Pride and Influence in the World: International Policy Statement‚ April.
Canada, Department of National Defence. 2008. Canada First Defence Strategy.
Canada, Department of National Defence. 2017. Strong, Secure, Engaged: Canada’s Defence Policy, 90.
Canada, Parliament, House of Commons. 1875. Debates‚ 153, 21 February.
Canada, Parliament, House of Commons. 1936. Debates‚ 38–68‚ 18 June. 18th Parliament, 1st session.
Clarkson, Stephen. 1995. Poor Prospects: ‘The Rest of Canada’ Under Continental Integration. In Beyond Quebec: Taking Stock of Canada, ed. Kenneth McRoberts. Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Dibb, Paul. June 2006. Is Strategic Geography Relevant to Australia’s Current Defence Policy? Australian Journal of International Affairs 60 (2): 247–264.
Eayrs, James. 1963. The Foreign Policy of Canada. In Foreign Policies in a World of Change, ed. Joseph E. Black and Kenneth W. Thompson, 672–700. New York: Harper & Row.
Friedman, Thomas L. 2005. The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Haglund, David G. 2000. Le Canada dans l’entre-deux-guerres. Études Internationales 31 (4): 727–743.
Jockel, Joseph T. 1987. No Boundaries Upstairs: Canada, the United States and the Origins of North American Air Defence, 1945–1958. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Jockel, Joseph T. 2007. Canada in NORAD, 1957–2007: A History. Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Kaplan, Robert D. 2012. The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us About Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate. New York: Random House.
Lagassé, Philippe. 2010. Nils Ørvik’s ‘Defence Against Help’: The Descriptive Appeal of a Prescriptive Strategy. International Journal 65 (2): 436–474.
MacTaggart, Jessie E. 1938. Adequate Defence, King Pledges. Globe and Mail‚ 1‚ 22 August.
McLin, Jon B. 1967. Canada’s Changing Defense Policy, 1957–1963: The Problems of a Middle Power in Alliance, chapter 3. Toronto: Copp Clark.
McMahon, Patricia. 2009. Essence of Indecision: Diefenbaker’s Nuclear Policy, 1957–1963. Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Middlemiss, D.W., and J.J. Sokolsky. 1989. Canadian Defence: Decisions and Determinants, 149–157. Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Morton, Desmond. 1987. Defending the Indefensible: Some Historical Perspectives on Canadian Defence, 1867–1987. International Journal 42 (4): 627–644.
NATO. 2018. Defence Expenditures of NATO Countries (2010–2017)‚ 15 March. https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2018_03/20180315_180315pr2018-16-en.pdf.
Nossal, Kim Richard. 2004. Defending the ‘Realm’: Canadian Strategic Culture Revisited. International Journal 59 (3): 503–520.
Nossal, Kim Richard. 2010. Rethinking the Security Imaginary: Canadian Security and the Case of Afghanistan. In Locating Global Order: American Power and Canadian Security After 9/11, ed. Bruno Charbonneau and Wayne S. Cox, 107–125. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Nossal, Kim Richard. 2011. America’s ‘Most Reliable Ally’? Canada and the Evanescence of the Culture of Partnership. In Forgotten Partnership Redux: Canada-U.S. Relations in the 21st Century, ed. Greg Anderson and Christopher Sands, 375–404. New York: Cambria Press.
Nossal, Kim Richard. 2016. Charlie Foxtrot: Fixing Defence Procurement in Canada. Toronto: Dundurn Press.
Nossal, Kim Richard. 2018. New Wineskin, Old Wine: The Future of Canadian Contributions to North American Security. In North American Strategic Defense in the 21st Century: Security and Sovereignty in an Uncertain World, ed. Christian Leuprecht, Joel J. Sokolsky, and Thomas Hughes, 97–107. Cham: Springer.
O’Brien, Richard. 1992. Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press.
Ohmae, Kenneth. 1990. The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy. New York: Harper.
Ørvik, Nils. 1973. Defence Against Help: A Strategy for Small States. Survival 15: 228–231.
Pickford, Andrew, and Jeffrey Collins. 2018. Reconsidering Canada’s Strategic Geography: Lessons from History and the Australian Experience for Canada’s Strategic Outlook‚ 9‚ April. Macdonald-Laurier Institute. https://macdonaldlaurier.ca/files/pdf/20180327_MLI_Strategic_Geography_WebF.pdf.
Riddell, Walter A. 1962. The Geneva Protocol. Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, 1917–1939, 462–465. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
Ross, Douglas Alan. 2015. Canadian International Security Policy in the 21st Century: Closing the Book on the Sutherland Era? Not at All. In Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy: Classic Debates and New Ideas, 3rd ed., ed. Duane Bratt and Christopher Kukucha, 326–346. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
Roussel, Stéphane. December 2002. Pearl Harbor et le World Trade Center: Le Canada face aux États-Unis en période de crise. Études internationales 33 (4): 667–695.
Sokolsky, Joel S. 2004. Realism Canadian Style: National Security Policy and the Chrétien Legacy. Policy Matters 5 (2): 11. http://irpp.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/pmvol5no2.pdf.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. n.d. SIPRI Military Expenditure Database. https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex.
Sutherland, R.J. 1962. Canada’s Long Term Strategic Situation. International Journal 17 (3): 199–201.
Swanson, Roger Frank. 1975. Canadian-American Summit Diplomacy, 1923–1973, 52–54. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
Toffler, Alvin. 1970. Future Shock, 91–92. New York: Random House.
Tuathail, Gearóid Ó. 1996. Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Warnock, John W. 1970. Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada, 136. Toronto: New Press.
Weldes, Jutta. 1999. Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 10. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nossal, K.R. (2020). The Imperatives of Canada’s Strategic Geography. In: Juneau, T., Lagassé, P., Vucetic, S. (eds) Canadian Defence Policy in Theory and Practice. Canada and International Affairs. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26403-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26403-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-26402-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-26403-1
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)