Advertisement

Sinter Production

  • Aitber BizhanovEmail author
  • Valentina Chizhikova
Chapter
First Online:
  • 318 Downloads
Part of the Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering book series (TMMME)

Abstract

In the sintering, a preliminary prepared mixture of charge components and solid fuel is being burnt in air flow filtered layer (vacuum sintering). Let’s describe the phenomenon of sintering technology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Korotich VI and others (2003) The agglomeration of ore materials. Yekaterinburg: GOU VPO USTU-UPI, 400 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Frolov YA (2003) Thermal aspects of the sintering process Steel 12:2–11 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Puzanov VP, Kobelev VA (2005) Introduction to the technology of metallurgical structure formation. Yekaterinburg, Ural Branch Russ Acad Sci 501 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Frolov YA (2016) Sintering. Metallurgizdat 672 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Korotich VI (1966) Theoretical bases of the agglomeration of iron ore materials. Moscow, Metallurgy, 152 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Andreev VA, Milazhenkova NP, Eremeev NA (2018) The development of new types of iron ore in the production of sinter in the conditions of PJSC “ChelMK”. Ferrous Metall 3:20–21 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Kaplun LI (2007) Analysis of sinter formation processes and improvement of its production technology. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 376 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Kaplun LI (1993) Heat capacity of iron ores, concentrates, charges and agglomerates. Izv RAS Metals 2:21–27 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Vegman EF, Zherebin BN, Pokhvisnev AN et al (2004) The metallurgy of iron: textbook. IKTs Akademkniga, Moscow (in Russian)Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Balon ID, Wegman EF, Volovik GA, others (1989) Blast furnace production. Metallurgy, 494 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Karabasov YS, Valavin VS (1976) The use of fuel in the sintering. Metallurgy, 264 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    Vegman EF, Zherebin BN, Pokhvisnev AN et al (2004) The metallurgy of iron: textbook. IKTs Akademkniga, Moscow, 774 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Ladygichev MG, Chizhikova VM, Lobanov VI, others (2001) Raw materials for ferrous metallurgy. Directory, Mashinostroenie-1, 895 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Korshikov GV (1999) Encyclopedic reference book of metallurgy. Lipetsk, 779 p (in RussianGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Malygin AV (1999) Scientific bases and practice of improving the process of obtaining iron ore sinter with high consumer properties. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 453 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    Karabasov YS, Chizhikova VM, Vandaryev SV (1983) On the capillary interaction in the iron-ore material-water system. Izv. Ferrous Metall 11 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Karabasov YS, Chizhikova (1980) On the mechanism of the effect of surfactant additives in the process of pelletizing, Izv. Ferrous Metall 106 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Deryabin VA, Popel SN (1979) Pelletizing of moistened powders. Message 1. Izv. Ferrous Metall 10 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    Adorjian L (1977) Theoretical prediction of strength of moist particulate materials. In: Proceedings 2-nd international symposium, Atlanta, New York, v. 1Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Deryabin VA, Popel SN (1980) Pelletizing of moistened powders. Message 2. Izv. Ferrous Metall 2 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    Karabasov YS, Chizhikova VM, Vandaryev SV (1983) Pelletizing of sintering charges with the use of surfactants. Message 1. Izv. Ferrous Metall 110 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Karabasov YS, Chizhikova VM, Vandaryev SV (1983) Pelletizing of sintering charges with the use of surfactants. Message 2. Izv. Ferrous Metall 3Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    Simon AD (1974) Fluid adhesion and wetting. Chemistry, 413 pp (in Russian)Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Chizhikova VM (1997) Problems of quality, resource saving and ecology in the production of agglomerated iron ore. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences, Moscow, 345 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Zhukhovitsky AA, Shvartsman LA (1976) Physical chemistry. Metallurgy, 543 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    Uryev NB (1980) Highly concentrated disperse systems. Chemistry, 319 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    Korotich VI, others (2003) The agglomeration of ore materials. Yekaterinburg: GOU VPO USTU-UPI, 400 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Rakhimov AR, Wegman EF, Akshanashev SK (1990) Technology for producing agglomerates from calcined concentrate of the Lisakovsky GOK with an additive of aluminohematite ores of Kazakhstan. Metallurgical processing of iron ores with aluminous waste rock. Metallurgy, pp 151–16217 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    Lugovskoy NY, Utkov VA (2013) Study of the process of pelletizing of polydisperse and fine-dispersed sinter charges. Tech Technol 2:30–3718 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Wittenberg H, Mejer K (1943) Stahl und Eisen, No. 45, s. 817–824; No. 46, s.840–846Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    Saveliev SG, Chizhikova VM (1993) New in the theory and technology of lime use during agglomeration. Ferrous Metall 5 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Kazantsev EA, Barinov VKh (2018) Preparation and use of iron-flux mixture in sintering. Ferrous Metall 3:22–2321 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Isaenko GE, Saprykin AN, Kuznetsov AS, others (2009) Combined pelletizing of the sintering mixture in drum-type apparatuses and disc granulators. Steel 8:2–7 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Haga T, Katoh K, Ibaraki T (2012) Technical development for saving natural resources and increasing material recycling. Nippon Steel Tech Rep 101:196–202Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    Wegman EF (1974) Theory and technology of sintering. Metallurgy, 285 pp (in Russian)Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    Yavorsky IA (1973) Physico-chemical principles of solid fossil fuels and graphite combustion.: Novosibirsk.: Nauka SO, 251 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    Kaplun LI (2000) Analysis of sinter formation processes and improvement of its production technology. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 376 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    Datta SS, Das BK, Balaji SA et al (2006) Process improvement in sintering by bed humidification. AIS Tech 2006 Proceedings, I, pp 207–213Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Budnikov PP, Berezhnoy AS (1949) Reactions in solid phases. Promstroyizdat, 156 pp (in Russian)Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Wendeborn HB (1955) Symposium on sinter. Spec Rep Iron Steel Inst 53:1–9Google Scholar
  41. 41.
    Bratchikov SG, Khudorozhkov IP (1966). Izv. Ferrous Metall 4:32–36 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    Yamaoka H, Kawaguchi T (2005) Development of 3-D sinter process mathematical simulation model. ISIJ Int 45:522–531Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    Castro JA, Sasaki Y, Yagi J (2012) Three dimensional mathematical model of the iron ore sintering process based on multiphase theory. Mater Res 15:848–858Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    Frolov YA, Pototsky II (2012) Mathematical three- dimensional and dynamic model of sintering process and its use in the theoretical and practical purposes. In: The 6th congress of science ICSTI proceedings, Rio de Janeiro, pp 1447–1459Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    Frolov YA, Kaplun LI, Mishchenko IM, others (2018) The state and prospects of development of sinter production technology. Part 12. Ferrous Metall 3:24–36 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  46. 46.
    Korotich VI, Puzanov VP (1969) Gas dynamics of the sintering process. Metallurgy, 206 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  47. 47.
    Fournes S (1932) Gas motion through a layer of lumpy materials. Domes 8:74–874 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Sakuragy D, Kubo S, Imada K, et al (1993) Increase the power of sinter machine No. 3 at the Tobata’s Sin Nippon Seitesu plant and labor cost reduction measures. Tetsu-to-Hagane 79(5):153Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Ikanega D, Oyama I, Fudziky V, et al (1995) Introduction of the flux injection technology on the sintering machine No. 3 in Tobata. Dzaire to Purosesu 8(4):909Google Scholar
  50. 50.
    Vatanabe E, Vakimoto K, Yamada U, et al (1995) Increase of total yield of sinter at Keihin plant. Dzaire to Purosesu 8:907Google Scholar
  51. 51.
    Suzuki M, Kisimoto S, Kavada M, et al (1995) Work of sinter machine No. 4 in Fukuyama with high capacity and finished sinter yield. Dzaire to Purosesu 8:906Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    Akagy K, Cudziy T, Amakava K (1995) Work sinter machine No. 2 in Kimitsu with high productivity and low cost of sinter. Dzaire to Purosesu 8(4):908Google Scholar
  53. 53.
    Konisi Y, Ikava K, Yasukava S, et al (1995) The effect of vertical slit holes in the lower zone of the sintered layer of the charge on the gas permeability of this layer. Dzaire to Purosesu 8(4):915Google Scholar
  54. 54.
    Kavaguty K, Kobayasy M, Nakamura K, et al (1997) Sintering using support posts on sintering machine No.1 in Kimitsu. Dzaire to Purosesu 10:800Google Scholar
  55. 55.
    Inadzumy T, Fudzimoto M, Sato S, et al (1995) Influence of a magnetic field on sintering. ISIJ Int 35(4):372Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    Nakano M, Kavaguty T, Kakama S, Hosotany E (1998) The structure of sinter cake, providing high performance and yield of finished agglomerate. In: Ironmaking conference proceedings, p 1283Google Scholar
  57. 57.
    Rokugava S, Sakamoto N, Noda H, Itikava K (1999) Experimental assessment of the effect of oxygen concentration on machine performance and sinter quality. Dzaire to Purosesu 12:768Google Scholar
  58. 58.
    Aleksandrov LI (2001) The current state of sinter production. News of ferrous metallurgy abroad, p 316 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  59. 59.
    Goto S, Nomura S, Utida K, et al (1995) The use of a large amount of fines sinter in a blast furnace 3 5 plant in Chiba. Dzaire to Purosesu 8:142Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Druzhinin GV (1982) Methods for assessing and predicting quality. Radio and Communications, 160 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    Gonza O, Mojiszek Y (1989) Influence of the properties of sinters produced at Czechoslovak metallurgical plants on the specific consumption of blast-furnace coke. Sbornik 8 Mezinarodni conference vysokopecaru “Vitkovice” 1:115Google Scholar
  62. 62.
    Okadzaky D, Hosoya K (1997) Effect of bound water and the structure of iron oxides in iron ore on the formation of the structure of pores in the sinter. CAMP-ISIJ, p 941Google Scholar
  63. 63.
    Utkov VA (1977) Highly basic agglomerate. Metallurgy, 156 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  64. 64.
    Lopatin DV, Chizhikova VM (2007) Criterion of crystal chemical stabilization of dicalcium silicate. Izv. Univ Ferrous Metall 3:7–1016 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  65. 65.
    Lopatin DV, Chizhikova VM (2007) Crystal-chemical stabilization of dicalcium silicate. Steel in TranslationGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Savchuk NA, Chizhikova VM (2004) Sintering: Modern Aspect. Chermetinformation, 124 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  67. 67.
    VoestAlpine Industrieanlagenbau (VAI) (2003) Austria. Ferrous Metall Bull 10:18 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  68. 68.
    Isaenko GE (2011) Improving the technology of combined pelletizing, loading, ignition and sintering of the sinter charge. Thesis for the degree of candidate of technical sciences, Lipetsk, 157 pGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Hida E, Inadzumy T (1995) Processing of low-grade ores and sinter production. Tetsu-to-Hagane 81(4):263Google Scholar
  70. 70.
    Kavaguty T (2003) Fundamental studies of sinter with a porous meso-mosaic structure. CAMP-ISIJ 16(1):48Google Scholar
  71. 71.
    Yan LK, Jelenikh L (2000) Sintering process with the addition of Australian iron ores. In: ASIA steel international conference, p 281Google Scholar
  72. 72.
    Sato H, Ivamoto S, Komatsu O, et al (1994) Operation sinter machine no. 5 in Fukuyama with low silica content in hybrid sinter. Tetsu-to-Hagane 80(1):v.1Google Scholar
  73. 73.
    Lu C, Van I, Vu Dz (2000) Achievements in sinter production at the plant of the company HANDAN STEEL. In: ASIA steel international conference, vol B, p 324Google Scholar
  74. 74.
    Goto N, Yagy T, Kavahasy H, et al (1999) Effect of SiO2 content and high-temperature softening on the resilience of the sinter. Dzaire to Purosesu 12:803Google Scholar
  75. 75.
    Kasama S, Kavaguty T, Nakaguty T, et al (1995) Analysis of the reducibility of sinter with a low content of FeO and SiO2. Dzaire to Purosesu 8:310Google Scholar
  76. 76.
    Hida Y (2003) The relationship between the properties of iron ore and the structure of the sinter. CAMP-ISIJ, v. l. 16. No. 1, p 52Google Scholar
  77. 77.
    Rokugawa S, Noda H et al (1999) Production of high quality sinter for blast furnace burdens aiming the high pulverized coal rate operation. La Revue de Metallurgie-CIT 10:1181Google Scholar
  78. 78.
    Oyama N, Ikava S, Takihira M, et al (2000) Analysis of the concentration and size of limestone in the charge on the structure of the pores in the sinter (Analysis of the structure of the pores in the agglomerate by means of an X-ray computed tomograph with a high-temperature attachment. Message 4). CAMP-ISIJ 13:63Google Scholar
  79. 79.
    Okadzaky D, Hosoya K (2000) The influence of coarse and fine fractions of ore on the formation of the structure of the sinter. Dzaire to Purosesu 13:61Google Scholar
  80. 80.
    Higuty K, Hosotany K, Yamaguty S, et al (2000) Evaluation of sinter with a low content of SiO2 and MgO using high-alumina ores. CAMP-ISIJ 13:706Google Scholar
  81. 81.
    Cyanvan Chzh, Sasaky Y, Kasivaya E, Isiy K (2000) The study of the composition of calcium ferrite in the sinter by the method of raster electron probe microanalysis. Tetsu-to- Hagane 86(6):374Google Scholar
  82. 82.
    Sato A, Yasuda S, Isihara N (1997) Development of technology for the production of quick lime on an sintering machine. Dzaire to Purosesu 10:192Google Scholar
  83. 83.
    Oreshkin GG, Plotkin PZ, Rudakov AK (1959) Steel 3:197–203 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  84. 84.
    Macumura T, Sasahara N, Noma M, Morioka S (2000) Development of a new method of sinter production with additives of low-melting additives. CAMP-ISIJ 13:799Google Scholar
  85. 85.
    Yusupov RB, Lekin VP et al (2003) Influence of the technological parameters of the agro-process on the productivity of sintering machines and the quality of sinter. Metallurg 1:23 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  86. 86.
    Bazilevich SV, Wegman EF (1967) Sintering. Metallurgy, 367 pp (in Russian)Google Scholar
  87. 87.
    Heyden R (1961) Stahl und Eisen 8:43Google Scholar
  88. 88.
    Macumura T, Kimura K, Kiguty S, et al (1997) Development of a method for regulating the distribution of carbon in the layer of sinter charge. CAMP-ISIJ 10:942Google Scholar
  89. 89.
    Amano S, Kasavara H, Macumura T, et al (2000) Development of a method for loading carbon-containing material in the upper part of the sintered layer. Dzaire to Purosesu 13:42Google Scholar
  90. 90.
    Sibata D, Isida M, Yamamura Y, et al (1995) Development of technology for regulating the segregation of the surface layer due to air blast. Dzaire to Purosesu 8:306Google Scholar
  91. 91.
    Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Iron and Steel Production (IPPC Directive) www.eippc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/i&s.html (electronic resource)
  92. 92.
    Information and technical reference on the best available technologies ITS 26–2017 “Production of iron, steel and ferroalloys” www.burondt.ru/NDT/NDTDocs.Detail (electronic resource)
  93. 93.
    Kappel F (1989) Possibilities of reducing energy consumption during sintering of iron ores. Sbornik 8 Mezinarodni conference vysokopecaru “Vitkovice” 1:25Google Scholar
  94. 94.
    Gubanov VI, Bachinina SE (1987) Sintering machines of foreign metallurgical enterprises. M.: TSIINTE CHM, Series “Preparation of raw materials for metallurgical processing and production of pig iron”, issue 4, 40 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  95. 95.
    Ookubo T, Aomy S, Yariyama K, et al (2000) Modernization of the waste gas heat recovery system of the sintering machine cooler No. 2 sinter plants in Kashima. CAMP-ISIJ 13:802Google Scholar
  96. 96.
    Zaitsev AK, Leontyev LI, Yusfin YS (1997) Analysis of the formation of ecotoxicants in thermal processes. Scientific reports Uro RAS, Ekaterinburg: - Uro RAS, 83 pGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    Babushkin NM, Maisel GM, Aleksandrov LI (1966) Investigation of the composition of the gas on the sintering machine. Thermal engineering of blast furnace and sintering processes. Scientific works of VNIIMT. Metallurgy 143 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  98. 98.
    Information and technical reference on the best available technologies ITS 26-2017 “Production of iron, steel and ferroalloys”. www.burondt.ru/NDT/NDTDocs.Detail (electronic resource)
  99. 99.
    Drabina K, Khlebek L (1989) Technological possibilities of reducing harmful emissions during sintering. Chermetinformation 20 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  100. 100.
    Tyurin YN, Makarov AA (1995) Data analysis on the computer. Finan Stat 384 pp (in Russian)Google Scholar
  101. 101.
    Krylenko VI, Belokon SM, Zenkovich AL, others Patent Application. No. 789611, 23.12.8010Google Scholar
  102. 102.
    Borisov VM, Vedeshkin MI, Bliznyukov AS Patent Application. No.789615, 23.12.80Google Scholar
  103. 103.
    Teverovsky BZ, Sheludko IB, Demush SG et al (1995) Main areas of protection against emissions of harmful substances by sinter plants of Ukraine. Metall Min Indust 1 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  104. 104.
    Chizhikova VM, others Patent Application. No. 1467999, 10.14.86Google Scholar
  105. 105.
    Stark SB (1990) Gas cleaning devices and installations in the metallurgical industry. Metallurgy, 400 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  106. 106.
    Frolov YA, Semenov OA (2014) Mansurova practical and theoretical studies of the sintering process based on NLMK history and modernity. Metallurgy 9:53–59 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  107. 107.
    Baumgardner P, Dikmann-Muller H, Fisher M (1997) Pilot-industrial study of the neutralization of the gas stream leaving the dilution chambers of sintering machines. La Revue de Metallurqie CIT, p 56Google Scholar
  108. 108.
    Sausern S, Admandson G, Hakimann M (2000) Environment protection in sintering. 4-th ECIC, Paris, ATS-RM, p 380Google Scholar
  109. 109.
    Styashny H, Furshuss H, Trimmel I (1994) Improving Sinter Quality? Productivity Sinter Process and Environmental conditions after Sinter Plant Modernization. In: Ironmaking conference proceedings 53, p 507Google Scholar
  110. 110.
    Enlon D, Nanpin K, Chzhafu S, et al (2000) Analysis of environmental conditions during sintering in laboratory sintering with the use of different types of fuel. In: ASIA steel international conference, vol B, p 276Google Scholar
  111. 111.
    Aleksandrov LI (2002) A new waste gas treatment system at sinter plant in Japan. News Ferrous Metall Abroad 4:38Google Scholar
  112. 112.
    Umedzu A, Takatany K, Hamada M, etc (2000) Operation of a new waste gas cleaning system on No. sintering machines. 1 and 2 sinter plants in Nagoya. CAMP-ISIJ 13:807Google Scholar
  113. 113.
    Reduction of harmful emissions at sinter plants of Great Britain and the Netherlands (2002). News Ferrous Metall Abroad 4:37 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  114. 114.
    Hosotany E, Kavaguty S, Nakano M, et al (2000) The effect of additives on the formation of dioxins in the process of testing in sintering pan (Behavior of dioxins during the agglomeration of iron ores. Message 2). CAMP-ISIJ 13(2):69Google Scholar
  115. 115.
    Aono T, Kavaguty S, Komatany M, et al (2000) Behavior of dioxins and chlorophenols in the sintering of iron ores (Behavior of dioxins in the process of agglomeration of iron ores. Report 3). CAMP-ISIJ 13:70Google Scholar
  116. 116.
    Ikahara S, Terada Y, Kubo S, et al (1996) The use of the waste gas circulation system at the sintering plant No. 3 in Tobata. New steel technical report, No 70, p 55Google Scholar
  117. 117.
    Noda H, Sakamoto N, Itikava K, et al (2001) Optimization of the sintering process using oxygen and recycling of waste gases. Tetsu-to-Hagane 87(5):101Google Scholar
  118. 118.
    Hosotany E, Fudzimoto S, Imani T, et al (1995) Influence of the concentration of oxygen and steam in the gas being sucked on the technological parameters of sintering. Dzaire to Purosesu 8:309Google Scholar
  119. 119.
    Miyata K, Savayama K, Sasahara M, et al (2000) Influence of humidity of the drawn gas on the strength of the sinter (the study of the recycling of waste during sintering. Message 2). CAMP-ISIJ 13:41Google Scholar
  120. 120.
    Mitany T, Sibata D (1999) Analysis of the effectiveness of the recycling of waste gases in the sintering process. Dzaire to Purosesu 12:769Google Scholar
  121. 121.
    Aleksandrov LI (2003) Optimization of the process of sintering with recirculation of waste gases when enriched with oxygen. News Ferrous Metall Abroad 3:29 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  122. 122.
    BAT Conclusions for iron and steel production. Off J Eur Union 55, L 70:66–98Google Scholar
  123. 123.
    Savchuk NA, Kurunov IF (2000) Blast furnace production at the turn of the XXI century. News of ferrous metallurgy abroad. Part II, p 1 (in Russian)Google Scholar
  124. 124.
    One K, Kavaguty K, Hosy M, et al (1998) Improving production and improving the high temperature properties of low silica sinter. La Revue de Metallurqie—CIT, p 321Google Scholar
  125. 125.
    Bazilevich SV, Astakhov AG, Mayzel GM, others (1984) Production of sinter and pellets. Directory. Metallurgy, 212 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  126. 126.
    Korshikov GV (1999) Encyclopedic reference book of metallurgy. Lipetsk, 779 p (in Russian)Google Scholar
  127. 127.
    Bliznyukov AS (1991) Study of the processes of agglomeration and firing under pressure. Thesis for the degree of candidate of technical sciences, Moscow, 149 p (in Russian)Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.J.C. Steele & Sons, IncMoscowRussia
  2. 2.National University of Steel and AlloysMoscowRussia

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options