Abstract
The artificial oxalate method has been thoroughly studied over the last decades as a compatible and performing protective treatment for marbles and other calcite stones. In this study, the most widely used synthesis (5% w/v ammonium oxalate aqueous solution) was applied by brushing on pentelic marble surfaces and assessed in terms of surface texture alterations. Three differently textured marble surfaces were produced in terms of roughness levels, and were measured by a mechanical roughness meter. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) proved to be an indispensable tool in order to investigate the morphological alterations of the process through the comparison of the original surface texture with the one induced by the conversion of calcite into calcium oxalate. The calcium oxalate formation was verified by Raman spectroscopy, where whewellite was clearly detected. Finally, the digital imaging processing of the SEM images served as an indicative tool for the quantification of the process, regarding the surface percentage that is covered by the newly formed calcium oxalate.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Hansen, E., Doehne, E., Fidler, J., Larson, J., Martin, B., Matteini, M., Teutonico, J.M.: A review of selected inorganic consolidants and protective treatments for porous calcareous materials. Stud. Conserv. 48(sup1), 13–25 (2003)
Saba, M., Quiñones-Bolaños, E.E., López, A.L.B.: A review of the mathematical models used for simulation of calcareous stone deterioration in historical buildings. Atmos. Environ. 180, 156–166 (2018)
Comite, V., de Buergo, M.Á., Barca, D., Belfiore, C.M., Bonazza, A., La Russa, M.F., Ruffolo, S.A.: Damage monitoring on carbonate stones: field exposure tests contributing to pollution impact evaluation in two Italian sites. Constr. Build. Mater. 152, 907–922 (2017)
Bonazza, A., Sabbioni, C., Messina, P., Guaraldi, C., De Nuntiis, P.: Climate change impact: mapping thermal stress on Carrara marble in Europe. Sci. Total Environ. 407(15), 4506–4512 (2009)
Sassoni, E., Graziani, G., Franzoni, E.: Repair of sugaring marble by ammonium phosphate: comparison with ethyl silicate and ammonium oxalate and pilot application to historic artifact. Mater. Des. 88, 1145–1157 (2015)
Doherty, B., Pamplona, M., Selvaggi, R., Miliani, C., Matteini, M., Sgamellotti, A., Brunetti, B.: Efficiency and resistance of the artificial oxalate protection treatment on marble against chemical weathering. Appl. Surf. Sci. 253(10), 4477–4484 (2007)
Naidu, S., Blair, J., Scherer, G.W.: Acid-resistant coatings on marble. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 99, 3421–3428 (2016)
Kapridaki, C., Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P.: TiO2–SiO2–PDMS nano-composite hydrophobic coating with self-cleaning properties for marble protection. Prog. Org. Coat. 76(2–3), 400–410 (2013)
Franzoni, E., Pigino, B., Pistolesi, C.: Ethyl silicate for surface protection of concrete: performance in comparison with other inorganic surface treatments. Cem. Concr. Compos. 44, 69–76 (2013)
Matteini, M.: Inorganic treatments for the consolidation and protection of stone artefacts. Conserv. sci. cult. herit. 8(1), 13–27 (2008)
Rampazzi, L., Andreotti, A., Bonaduce, I., Colombini, M.P., Colombo, C., Toniolo, L.: Analytical investigation of calcium oxalate films on marble monuments. Talanta 63(4), 967–977 (2004)
Polykreti, K., Maniatis, Y., Doganis, Y., Galanos, A., Valavanis, P.: Analysis of the orange-brown patina on marble surfaces from the Olympieion in comparison with a similar patina from the Propylaea, Acropolis. In: Fakorellis, Y., Zacharias, N., Polykreti, K. (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th Symposium of the Hellenic Society for Archaeometry, BAR International Series, Athens, vol. 1746, pp. 659–666 (2008)
Graziani, G., Sassoni, E., Scherer, G.W., Franzoni, E.: Resistance to simulated rain of hydroxyapatite-and calcium oxalate-based coatings for protection of marble against corrosion. Corros. Sci. 127, 168–174 (2017)
Sassoni, E., Graziani, G., Ridolfi, G., Bignozzi, M.C., Franzoni, E.: Thermal behavior of Carrara marble after consolidation by ammonium phosphate, ammonium oxalate and ethyl silicate. Mater. Des. 120, 345–353 (2017)
Mudronja, D., Vanmeert, F., Hellemans, K., Fazinic, S., Janssens, K., Tibljas, D., Jakovljevic, S.: Efficiency of applying ammonium oxalate for protection of monumental limestone by poultice, immersion and brushing methods. Appl. Phys. A 111(1), 109–119 (2013)
Ruiz-Agudo, E., Álvarez-Lloret, P., Putnis, C.V., Rodriguez-Navarro, A.B., Putnis, A.: Influence of chemical and structural factors on the calcite–calcium oxalate transformation. CrystEngComm 15(46), 9968–9979 (2013)
Avdelidis, N.P., Delegou, E.T., Almond, D.P., Moropoulou, A.: Surface roughness evaluation of marble by 3-D laser profilometry and pulsed thermography. J. NDT & E Int. 37(7), 571–575 (2004)
Abràmoff, M.D., Magalhães, P.J., Ram, S.J.: Image processing with ImageJ. Biophoton. Int. 11(7), 36–42 (2004)
EN 15886: Conservation of cultural property – Test methods – Color measurement of surfaces (2010)
Conti, C., Colombo, C., Dellasega, D., Matteini, M., Realini, M., Zerbi, G.: Ammonium oxalate treatment: evaluation by μ-Raman mapping of the penetration depth in different plasters. J. Cult. Herit. 12(4), 372–379 (2011)
Ma, Q., He, H., Liu, C.: Hygroscopic properties of oxalic acid and atmospherically relevant oxalates. Atmos. Environ. 69, 281–288 (2013)
Conti, C., Aliatis, I., Casati, M., Colombo, C., Matteini, M., Negrotti, R., Zerbi, G.: Diethyl oxalate as a new potential conservation product for decayed carbonatic substrates. J. Cult. Herit. 15(3), 336–338 (2014)
Gunasekaran, S., Anbalagan, G.: Spectroscopic characterization of natural calcite minerals. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 68(3), 656–664 (2007)
Donnet, M., Jongen, N., Lemaitre, J., Bowen, P.: New morphology of calcium oxalate trihydrate precipitated in a segmented flow tubular reactor. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 19(9), 749–750 (2000)
Alexakis, E., Delegou, E.T., Lampropoulos, K.C., Apostolopoulou, M., Ntoutsi, I., Moropoulou, A.: NDT as a monitoring tool of the works progress and the assessment of materials and rehabilitation interventions at the Holy Aedicule of the Holy Sepulchre. Constr. Build. Mater. 189, 512–526 (2018)
Funding
The authors declare that no funding was received, while performing the research presented in this paper. This research was performed at the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) and it is part of the Master Thesis of G. Frantzi, who is employed by the Acropolis Restoration Service (YSMA).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Availability of Data and Materials
Available upon request by the authors.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ntoutsi, I., Frantzi, G., Delegou, E.T., Tsakiridis, P., Fourlaris, G., Moropoulou, A. (2019). Assessment of Pentelic Marble Surfaces After Ammonium Oxalate Protective Treatments. In: Osman, A., Moropoulou, A. (eds) Nondestructive Evaluation and Monitoring Technologies, Documentation, Diagnosis and Preservation of Cultural Heritage. Springer Proceedings in Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25763-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25763-7_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-25762-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-25763-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)