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Introduction—Positive Integration: EU and WTO Approaches Towards the ‘Trade and’ Debate

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Positive Integration - EU and WTO Approaches Towards the "Trade and" Debate

Part of the book series: European Yearbook of International Economic Law ((Spec. Issue))

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Abstract

The ‘trade and’ debate is concerned with the relationship between trade liberalisation and other non-economic values or concerns like the protection of the environment or human health. Both the EU as well as the WTO struggle in finding the right balance between different values. In the twenty-first century, especially in times like these, when free trade and economic integration are more and more called into question, finding convincing normative answers or ways to address this very complex relationship between trade and other policies is even more pressing. This special issue uses the framework of positive, negative and non-integration to describe and assess solutions and problem-solving capacities for the ‘trade and’ interlinkage. Comparing the WTO and the EU through this framework not only allows for a comprehensive assessment of all the solutions or mechanisms already in place, it also enables new visions and answers for the ‘trade and’ debate.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    McCrudden (1999), p. 3.

  2. 2.

    This debate started with Esty (1994), see for example also Vranes (2009).

  3. 3.

    Williams III (2010).

  4. 4.

    Krämer (2014).

  5. 5.

    Wu and Salzmann (2014).

  6. 6.

    VanGrassteck (2013), p. 557.

  7. 7.

    See for example Gaines et al. (2012).

  8. 8.

    Notaro (2003), Wiers (2002) and Reid (2015).

  9. 9.

    Notaro (2003) and Wiers (2002).

  10. 10.

    For an overview of the literature and the current debate with regard to trade and environment issues see Shahbaz et al. (2017), p. 222 f.

  11. 11.

    Grossmann and Krueger (1991).

  12. 12.

    Copeland and Taylor (2003).

  13. 13.

    For the relationship between EKC and the pollution haven hypothesis see Cole (2003).

  14. 14.

    Shahbaz et al. (2017), p. 222.

  15. 15.

    Emerson et al. (2011), p. 3.

  16. 16.

    Emerson et al. (2011), p. 3.

  17. 17.

    Trujillo (2013).

  18. 18.

    See for the term dialogue Krämer and Märten (2015).

  19. 19.

    Charnowitz (2007).

  20. 20.

    Gaines et al. (2012).

  21. 21.

    Tinbergen (1965), p.XVf.

  22. 22.

    Tinbergen (1965), p. XV.

  23. 23.

    Tinbergen (1965). p. XVI.

  24. 24.

    Notaro (2003), Wiers (2002) and Reid (2015).

  25. 25.

    Scharpf (2010).

  26. 26.

    With regard to the Cassis judgement, Alter and Meunier-Aitsahalia (1994).

  27. 27.

    Scharpenseel (2001).

  28. 28.

    Appellate Body Report, European Communities — Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products, WT/DS400/AB/R adopted 18 June 2014, DSR 2014:I, II.

  29. 29.

    ECJ judgement, Bluhme, ECR 1998, I – 8053.

  30. 30.

    For the EU Scharpf (1999), p. 43 ff.

  31. 31.

    Shaffer (2015), p. 17.

  32. 32.

    Appellate Body Report, United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/AB/R adopted 6 November 1998, DSR 1998, VII, 2753, para 166 ff.

  33. 33.

    DeBievre (2004).

  34. 34.

    Petersmann (2000).

  35. 35.

    The most prominent example being Scharpf (1999), pp. 43 ff.

  36. 36.

    For example De Sousa (2012).

  37. 37.

    El-Agraa (1997), p. 3.

  38. 38.

    El-Agraa (1997), p. 385.

  39. 39.

    Petersmann (2000).

  40. 40.

    Majone (2005), p. 143.

  41. 41.

    Kötz and Zweigert (1996), pp. 33 ff.; Siems (2014); Kischel (2015), pp. 93 ff.

  42. 42.

    Cf. Young (2005), p. 47; Lydgate (2012).

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Acknowledgements

Many thanks to all the participants of the Workshop “Trade and Environment—Positive Integration in the EU and the WTO” at the Ruhr-University Bochum partly funded also by the Ruhr University. With a special thanks to Piet Eeckhout, Stefan Magen, Joanne Scott, Fiona Smith, Maria Lee and Markus Krajewski for their comments on earlier versions of this introductory and conceptual chapter.

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    Rike Krämer-Hoppe

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Krämer-Hoppe, R. (2020). Introduction—Positive Integration: EU and WTO Approaches Towards the ‘Trade and’ Debate. In: Krämer-Hoppe, R. (eds) Positive Integration - EU and WTO Approaches Towards the "Trade and" Debate. European Yearbook of International Economic Law(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25662-3_1

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