Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Voyages on the Northern Sea Route pp 49–79Cite as

Dangerous Hydrometeorological Phenomena Occurring on the NSR

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 241 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter discusses a number of hydrometeorological phenomena affecting safety of navigation on the NSR. Distinguished phenomena are generally not associated with ice formations. Ice formations include ice massifs and fast ice adjacent to the land. Analysis of phenomena that are not directly related to ice formations, such as very strong winds and gusts of wind, fog, hull adhesion by new ice and young ice, ice accretion on vessels constructions of offshore terminals and changes in sea level indicated that they do not pose danger to vessels navigating in transit through the Northern Sea Route. Especially when changing of vessel speed, one can improve safety of vessel. There is also no need to change route designated at initial voyage planning. Thus, the above-mentioned phenomena do not concern the subject of research undertaken at the work. On the other hand, phenomena related to occurrence of ice formations, such as ice fields and patches of multiyear ice, large anomalies of direction, speed, location or area of close ice, large anomalies of ice massifs area, ice strips and fragmented highly hummocked ice of high horizontal dimensions, thickness and hummocking making it difficult to overcome by vessels. Grounded hummock and intensive ice drift including the phenomenon of “ice rivers” should be included to dangers for shipping occurring in zones of ice formations and their surroundings, such as ice massifs and fast ice. They represent a hazard to navigation and obstacle to transit traffic of vessels and even icebreakers. Therefore, these phenomena will be examined from the point of view of safety of maritime transport and difficulties for vessel’s voyage.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

Originally Published (Title in Russian, Polish or German) with English Title Translations

  • ABS (2013) Navigating the Northern sea route. In: Status and guidance, p 28

    Google Scholar 

  • Abuzyarov ZK, Kudryavaya KI, Seryakov EI, Skriptunova LI (1988) Marine forecasting [in Russian] (Mopcкиe пpoгнoзы). Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, p 319

    Google Scholar 

  • Aksyutin LR (1979) Icing of ships [in Russian] (Oблeдeнeниe cyдoв). Sudostroenye, Leningrad, p 128

    Google Scholar 

  • Arikaynen AI (1990) Navigation in the Arctic ice [in Russian] (Cyдoxoдcтвo вo льдax Apктики). Transport, Moscov, p 247

    Google Scholar 

  • Arikaynen AI, Tsubakov KN (1987) Alphabet of ice navigation [in Russian] (Aзбyкa лeдoвoгo плaвaния). Transport, Moscov, p 224

    Google Scholar 

  • Benzeman VY (2008) Hydrographical parameters of Ice Rivers (IJ) and structure of the flow [in Russian] (Гидpoфизичecкиe пapaмeтpы « ЛEДOBЫX PEК » (IJ) и cтpyктypa пoтoкa), vol 80, no 3, pp 149–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Benzeman VY (2010) Extreme ice drift—“ice jets” of the Arctic seas [in Russian] (Экcтpeмaльный дpeйф льдa—лeдoвыe peки apктичecкиx мopeй). AANII, St. Petersburg, p 103

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennecke J (2001) The German auxiliary cruiser in World War II [in German] (Die deutschen Hilfkreuzer in Zweiten Weltkrieg). Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft MBH, Hamburg 500

    Google Scholar 

  • Brilliant LA (1983) Geography of maritime transport [in Russian] (Гeoгpaфия мopcкoгo cyдoxoдcтвa). Transport, Moscov, p 301

    Google Scholar 

  • Buyanov N (1966) Navigation of small vessels in ice conditions [in Russian] (Плaвaниe мaлыx cyдoв в лeдoвыx ycлoвияx). Vladivostok, p 24

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinoy KH (2007) Shipping viability—over Arctic routes versus established routes. University of Strathclyde, UK, p 120

    Google Scholar 

  • CIS (2005) Manual of standard procedures for observing and reporting ice conditions (MANICE), 9th edn. Canadian Ice Service—Environment Canada, Ottawa, p 146

    Google Scholar 

  • CNIIMF (2014) Recommendations on ice safety (Ice Certificate) for sister ships “Rolldock Star” (IMO No. 9656498) and “Rolldock Storm” (IMO No. 9656503). Central Marine Research and Design Institute, St. Petersburg, p 41

    Google Scholar 

  • Danilov AI, Mironov EY, Spitskina VA (2004) Variability of natural conditions in the shelf zone of the Barents and Kara Seas [in Russian] (Измeнчивocть пpиpoдныx ycлoвий в шeльфoвoй зoнe Бapeнцeвa и Кapcкoгo мopeй). AARII, St. Petersburg, p 431

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobrovolsky AD, Zalogin BS (1982) Seas of the USSR [in Russian] (Mopя CCCP). Izdatelstvo Moskovskogo Universiteta, Moscov, p 192

    Google Scholar 

  • Dremlyug VV, Uhanov GI, Filippov YM (1965) Navigational oceanography [in Russian] (Haвигaциoнная oкeaнoгpaфия). Transport, Moscov, p 291

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyssen R (2002) HSK Komet. Looting on all the seas [in German] (HSK Komet. Kaperfahrt auf allen meeren). Koehler, Hamburg, p 264

    Google Scholar 

  • Frolov IE, Gudkovich ZM, Karklin VP, Kovalev EG, Smolanitsky VM (2009) Climate change in Eurasian Arctic shelf seas. Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, p 164

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Girjatowicz JP (1983) Ice phenomena in the Polish Baltic coast and their impact on shipping and fishing [in Polish] (Zjawiska lodowe u polskiego wybrzeża Bałtyku oraz ich wpływ na żeglugę i rybołówstwo). Akademia Rolnicza w Szczecinie, Szczecin, p 259

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorbunov YA, Losev SM, Dyment LN (2007) Multiyear stamukhas in the Arctic seas of the Siberian shelf. Izvestiya VGO [in Russian] (Mнoгoлeтниe cтaмyxи в apктичecкиx мopяx cибиpcкoгo шeльфa. Izvestiya VGO), vol 138, No 3, pp 86–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordienko AI, Dremlyug VV (1989) Hydrometeorological support of navigation [in Russian] (Гидpoмeтeopoлoгичecкиe oбeзпeчeниe cyдoвoждeния). Transport, Moscov, p 240

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordienko AI, Zaharyan PR (2004) Sailing of ships in extremely heavy weather conditions [in Russian] (Плaвaниe cyдoв в ocoбoтяжeлыx пoгoдныx ycлoзияx). St. Petersburg, p 97

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotsky MV (1961) The experience of ice navigation [in Russian] (Oпыт лeдoвoгo плaвaния). Morskoy Transport, Moscov, p 368

    Google Scholar 

  • GRF (2014) On approval of the state program of the Russian Federation “Socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020”. [in Russian] (Oб yтвepждeнии гocyдapcтвeннoй пpoгpaммы Poccийcкoй Фeдepaции “Coциaльнo-экoнoмичecкoe paзвитиe Apктичecкoй зoны Poccийcкoй Фeдepaции нa пepиoд дo 2020 гoдa”)

    Google Scholar 

  • GRF (2017) Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 31, 2017, No. 374 “On the amendment to the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 15 April 2014, No. 304”, Government of Russian Federation. [in Russian] (Пocтaнoвлeниe Пpaвитeльcтвa PФ oт 31 мapтa 2017 г. N 374 “O внeceнии измeнeний в пocтaнoвлeниe Пpaвитeльcтвa Poccийcкoй Фeдepaции oт 15 aпpeля 2014 г. N 304”.)

    Google Scholar 

  • GUNiO (1996) The guide to navigating through the northern sea route. GUNiO, No. 4151B, p 369

    Google Scholar 

  • GUNiO (1998a) East Siberian Sea Pilot [in Russian] (Лoция Bocтoцнo-Cибиpcкoгo Morя). GUNiO No. 1119, Updated till NTM 30 dated 25.07.2015, p 208

    Google Scholar 

  • GUNiO (1998b) Kara Sea Pilot. Part 1 [in Russian] (Лoция Кapcкoгo Morя, Чacть 1). GUNiO No. 1115, Updated till NTM 30 dated 25.07.2015, p 472

    Google Scholar 

  • GUNiO (1999) Western part of the Chukchi Sea, the Bering Strait and north-western part of the Bering Sea Pilot [in Russian] (Лoция Зaпaднoй чacти Чyкoтcкoгo Mopя Бepингoвa Пpoливa и Ceвepo-Зaпaднoй чacти Бepингoвa Mopя). GUNiO No. 1120, Updated till NTM 30 dated 25.07.2015, p 240

    Google Scholar 

  • GUNiO (2006) Barents Sea Pilot, Part 2 [in Russian] (Лоция Баренцева Моря, Часть 2). GUNiO No. 1112. Updated till NTM 30 dated 25.07.2015, p 496

    Google Scholar 

  • Holec M, Tymański P (1973) Fundamentals of meteorology and meteorological navigation [in Polish] (Podstawy meteorologii i nawigacji meteorologicznej). Wydawnictwo Morskie, Gdańsk, p 544

    Google Scholar 

  • HON (1979) The Mariner’s handbook. NP 100, 5th edn. The Hydrographer of the Navy, p 163

    Google Scholar 

  • House DJ, Lloyd T, Toomey PRM, Dickins D (2010) The ice navigation manual. Witherby Seamanship International Ltd, p 409

    Google Scholar 

  • IHO (1994) Hydrographic dictionary. Part 1, vol 1, English, Special Publication No. 32, S-32, 5th edn. Monaco, p 281

    Google Scholar 

  • IMO (2004) COLREG, Convention on the international regulations for preventing collisions at Sea. 1972, Consolidated Edition 2003, London, p 50

    Google Scholar 

  • IMO (2007) Revised guidance to the master for avoiding dangerous situations in adverse weather and sea conditions. Ref. T1/2.04, MSC.1/Circ.1228, p 8

    Google Scholar 

  • Inoue J, Yamazaki A, Ono J, Dethloff K, Maturilli M, Neuber R, Edwards P, Yamaguchi H (2015) Additional Arctic observations improve weather and sea-ice forecasts for the Northern Sea Route. Sci Rep 5:16868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ionov BP, Grumazov EM (2013) Ships movement in ice, 2nd edn., corrected [in Russian] (Лeдoвaя xoдкocть cyдoв, 2 издaниe, иcпpaвлeннoe). Sudostroenye, Leningrad, p 504

    Google Scholar 

  • Jania J (1997) Glaciology. The science of glaciers [in Polish] (Glacjologia. Nauka o lodowcach). Wydanie drugie zmienione, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, p 359

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurdziński M (2000) Planning the navigation in ice [in Polish] (Planowanie nawigacji w lodach). Wyższa Szkoła Morska, Gdynia, p 192

    Google Scholar 

  • Karelin DB, Volkov NA, Zhadrinsky VV, Gordienko PA (1946) Aircraft ice reconnaissance [in Russian] (Лeдoвaя aвиaциoннaя paзвeдкa), p 152

    Google Scholar 

  • Karklin VP, Yulin AV, Shatarutnov MV, Mochova LP (2017) Climatic variability of the Kara Sea ice massifs. Problems of Arctic and Antarctic 4(114):11

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashtelyan VI, Poznyak AY, Ryvlin AY (1968) Ice resistance to vessel movement [in Russian] (Coпpoтивлeниe льдa движeнию cyднa). Sudostroenye, Leningrad, p 240

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitagawa H (2001) The Northern sea route. The shortest sea route linking East Asia and Europe. Ship & Ocean Foundation, Tokyo, p 238

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjerstad N (2011) Ice navigation. Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim, p 169

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowalik Z (1981) A study of the M2 tide in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. Model Ident Control 2(4):201–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kudryavaya KI, Seryakov UI, Scriptunova LI (1974) Marine hydrological forecasting. [in Russian] (Mopcкиe гидpoлoгичecкиe пpoгнoзы). Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, p 312

    Google Scholar 

  • Łomniewski K, Zaleski J, Żmudziński L (1979) Arctic Sea [in Polish] (Morze Arktyczne). Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw, p 459

    Google Scholar 

  • Maksimadzhi AI (1988) To Captain about the ship’s hull strength [in Russian] (Кaпитaнy o пpoчнocти кopпyca cyднa). Sudostroenye, Leningrad, p 224

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchenko N (2012) Russian Arctic Seas. In: Navigational conditions and accidents. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, p 293

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchenko N (2013) Navigation in the Russian Arctic: sea ice caused difficulties and accidents. In: ASME 32nd international conference on ocean offshore and arctic engineering, vol 6, Nantes

    Google Scholar 

  • MFOC (2012) Ice navigation in Canadian waters. Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, p 165

    Google Scholar 

  • Mironov EU (ed), Frolov SV, Klyachkin SV, Gudkovich ZM, May RI, Benzeman VY, Adamovich NM, Gorbunov YA, Losev SM, Dyment LN, Buzin IV, Egorov AG, Yulin AV, Panov VV, Lavrenov IV, Pasechnik TA, Dymov VI, Yakovleva NP (2010) Dangerous ice phenomena for navigation in the Arctic [in Russian] (Oпacныe лeдoвыe явлeния для cyдoxoдcтвa в Apктикe). AANII, St. Petersburg, p 320

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulherin ND (1996) The Northern sea route. Its development and evolving state of operations in the 1990s. CRREL Report 96-3, US Army Corps of Engineers, p 84

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulherin ND, Eppler DT, Proshutinsky TO, Proshutinsky AYu, Farmer LD, Smith OP (1996) Development and results of a Northern Sea Route Transit Model. CRREL Report 96-5, US Army Corps of Engineers, p 104

    Google Scholar 

  • NGIA (2009) Sailing Directions (Enroute). Pub. 183, North Coast of Russia, 8th edn. Updated till 28 Mar 2010, Bethesda, p 160

    Google Scholar 

  • NGIA (2010) Sailing Directions (Planning Guide). Pub.180, Arctic Ocean, 8th edn. Updated till 13 Dec 2010, Bethesda, p 157

    Google Scholar 

  • NHS (2017) The Norwegian Pilot, vol 7, Sailing Directions, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, 3rd edn, PDF-version 3.8. The Norwegian Hydrographic Service and Norwegian Polar Institute, Stavanger, p 382

    Google Scholar 

  • OCIMF (2014) offshore vessel operations in ice and/or severe sub-zero temperatures in Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions. London, p 68

    Google Scholar 

  • OCIMF (2017) Northern Sea route navigation. Best practices and challenges. London, p 26

    Google Scholar 

  • Parnell GQ (1986) Ice seamanship. Monograph, The Nautical Institute, London, p 87

    Google Scholar 

  • Pastusiak T (1991) Basics of maritime navigation [in Polish] (Podstawy nawigacji morskiej). Wyższa Szkoła Morska, Gdynia, p 337

    Google Scholar 

  • Pastusiak T (2016f) Influence of hydro-meteorological conditions on operational parameters of PANAMAX size vessels [in Polish] (Wpływ warunków hydrometeorologicznych na parametry eksploatacyjne statków typu PANAMAX). Prace Wydziału Nawigacyjnego Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni, No. 31, pp 139–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Pastusiak T (2016h) Principles of vessel route planning in ice on the Northern Sea Route. TRANSNAV—Int J Mar Navig Saf Sea Transp 4:587–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pastusiak T (2016i) The Northern Sea Route as a shipping lane. Expectations and reality. Springer International Publishing AG, Switzerland, p 247

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pastusiak T, Styszyńska A (2013) Heavy ice drift in the vicinity of Wrangel Island, the phenomena associated with it and the consequences for safety of navigation [in Polish] (Intensywny dryf lodu w rejonie wyspy Wrangla, zjawiska z nim związane i konsekwencje dla bezpieczeństwa żeglugi). Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej 23:191–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrov MK (1955) Navigation in ice [in Russian] (Плaвaниe вo льдax). Morskoy Transport, Moscov, p 256

    Google Scholar 

  • Remez JV (1957) On the choice of course and speed of the vessel in the storm [in Russian] (O выбope кypca и cкopocти cyднa пpи штopмe). Morskoy Transport, Moscov, p 57

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosgidromet (2008) Regulation on the course of action of institutions and organizations with the threat of the occurrence and occurrence of natural hazards [in Russian] (Пoлoжeниe o пopядкe дeйcтвий yчpeждeний и opгaнизaций пpи yгpoзe вoзникнoвeния и вoзникнoвeнии oпacныx пpиpoдныx явлeний). PД 52.88.699, Moscov, p 31

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryvlin AJ, Heysin DE (1980) Ship testing in ice [in Russian] (Иcпытaния cyдoв вo льдax). Sudostroenye, Leningrad, p 208

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapaev VM (1975) Hydrometeorological conditions and navigation [in Russian] (Гидpoмeтeopoлoгичecкиe ycлoвя и мopeплaвaниe). Transport, Moscov, p 248

    Google Scholar 

  • Shchetinina FI (ed) Zhukov EI, Libenzon MN, Written MN (1983) Ship management and its technical exploitation [in Russian] (Упpaвлeниe cyднoм и eгo тexничecкaя eкcплyaтaция), p 655

    Google Scholar 

  • Shmakov NA (ed) (1970) Practice of navigation in ice [in Russian] (Пpaктикa плaвaния вo льдax). Mиниcтepcтвo Oбopoны Флoтa CCCP. Глaвнoe Упpaвлeниe Mopeплaвaния), Moscov, p 82

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnov VI (1989) Persistent accumulations of ice in the ocean. Polar Geogr Geol 13(4):271–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smirnov AP (ed) Maynagashev BS, Golohvastov VA, Sokolov BM (1993) Safety of navigation in ice [in Russian] (Бeзoпacнocть плaвaния вo льдax). Transport, Moscov, p 335

    Google Scholar 

  • Stehnovsky DI, Vasiliev KP (1976) Handbook of navigational hydrometeorology [in Russian] (Cпpaвoчник пo нaвигaциoннoй гидpoмeтeopoлoгии). Transport, Moscov, p 166

    Google Scholar 

  • UKHO (2011a) Admiralty tide tables, vol 2. The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, NP202, p 354

    Google Scholar 

  • UKHO (2011b) Admiralty tide tables, vol 4. The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, NP204, p 366

    Google Scholar 

  • UKHO (2012) NP735, IALA maritime buoyage system, 7th edn, p 27

    Google Scholar 

  • UKHO (2015) The Mariner’s handbook. NP 100, 10th edn. United Kingdom

    Google Scholar 

  • UKHO (2016b) Admiralty sailing directions, Arctic pilot, vol 1, The coast of the Russian Federation from Mys Belyy Nos to Mys Yakan including Ostrova Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa, Novaya Zemlya, Ostrova Severnaya Zemlya, Novosibirskiye Ostrova and all other offshore islands, 9th edn. The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, p 535

    Google Scholar 

  • UNiO (2009) Laptev Sea Pilot [in Russian] (Лoция Mopя Лaптeвыx). UNiO No. 1118, Updated till NTM 30 dated 25.07.2015, p 300

    Google Scholar 

  • USNHO (1950) Manual of ice seamanship. H.O. Pub. No. 551, Washington, U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, p 128

    Google Scholar 

  • Weintrit A (2009) The electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS). An operational handbook. CRC Press, A Balkema Book, p 1101

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • WMO (2014) WMO Sea ice nomenclature, no 259, vol I—Terminology and Codes, vol II—Illustrated glossary, vol III—International system of sea-ice symbols. Fifth Session of JCOMM Expert Team on Sea Ice, p 121

    Google Scholar 

  • WMO (2017) Sea-ice information services in the World. No. 574, Geneva, p 111

    Google Scholar 

  • Wróbel F (1978) Vademecum of the officer on watch [in Polish] (Vademecum oficera achtowego). Wydawnictwo Morskie, Gdańsk, p 529

    Google Scholar 

  • Zakrzewski W (1983) Ice on the seas [in Polish] (Lody na morzach). Wydawnictwo Morskie, Gdańsk, p 313

    Google Scholar 

  • Zubov NN (1938) Sea water and ice [in Russian] (Mopcкиe вoды и льды). Gidrometeoizdat, Moscov, p 453

    Google Scholar 

Internet References

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Navigation, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland

    Ph.D. Tadeusz Pastusiak

Authors
  1. Ph.D. Tadeusz Pastusiak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tadeusz Pastusiak .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Pastusiak, T. (2020). Dangerous Hydrometeorological Phenomena Occurring on the NSR. In: Voyages on the Northern Sea Route. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25490-2_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation