Abstract
This chapter explores the backlash Friends has received in recent years for its politics of representation. The chapter begins by reflectively exploring the backlash and then focuses on issues of race, specifically the representation of Charlie Wheeler. Paying attention to context, tone and the intersection of race and class, it unpicks the complex ways in which this character maps onto existing frameworks relevant to the representation of black women, and how her presence operates within the show’s aesthetics of representation and storytelling. Uncovering a considerable tonal ambiguity, the chapter concludes by reflecting on why Friends has become a key site for debates about representation. Drawing on interviews with Marta Kauffman and Kevin S. Bright, the authors link this back to the programme’s strategy of intimacy, suggesting that the latter works complexly in relation to representational issues, just as sitcom as a genre has a far from straightforward relationship to hegemonic discourses.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Anderson, Tre’vell. 2017. Aisha Tyler Isn’t a ‘Black Comic.’ She’s a Comic Who Is Black. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-ca-black-women-comedy-aisha-tyler-20170720-htmlstory.html. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Bailey, Moya, and Trudy. 2018. On Misogynoir: Citation, Erasure, and Plagiarism. Feminist Media Studies 18 (4): 762–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447395.
Baron, Cynthia. 2018. Viola Davis: A Context for Her Craft and Success in Series Television. In Exploring Television Acting, ed. Tom Cantrell and Christopher Hogg, 79–94. London: Methuen Drama.
Baxter-Wright, Dusty. 2017. 11 Actually Pretty Shocking Things Friends Couldn’t Get Away with Today. Cosmopolitan. https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a38817/11-times-friends-sexist-homophobic/. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Braxton, Greg. 1996. ‘Single’ Looks for a Little Help Against ‘Friends’. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-02-01-ca-30941-story.html. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Butler, Bethonie. 2016. Should We Forgive ‘Friends’ for Feeling a Little Offensive in 2016? The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/should-we-forgive-friends-for-feeling-a-little-offensive-in-2016/2016/02/18/e8d47280-d0d3-11e5-b2bc-988409ee911b_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.a1e17020e9c4. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Chidester, Phil. 2008. May the Circle Stay Unbroken: Friends, The Presence of Absence, and the Rhetorical Reinforcement of Whiteness. Critical Studies in Mass Communication 25 (2): 157–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295030802031772.
Chitnis, Ketan S., Avinash Thombre, Everett M. Rogers, Arvind Singhal, and Ami Sengupta. 2006. (Dis)similar Readings: Indian and American Audiences’ Interpretation of Friends. The International Communication Gazette 68 (2): 131–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048506062229.
Coates, Ta-Nehisi. 2012. ‘Girls’ Through the Veil. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/04/girls-through-the-veil/256154/. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Cobb, Shelley. 2018. ‘I’d Like Y’all to Get a Black Friend’: The Politics of Race in Friends. Television & New Media 19 (8): 708–723. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476418778420.
Cramer, Lauren. 2018. Spotlight, Moonlight… The New Grammar of Black Visual Culture. MediaCommons. http://mediacommons.org/fieldguide/question/how-does-increase-manifesting-blackness-through-african-american-representations-televisi-7. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 1989. Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989 (1): 139–167.
D’Addario, Daniel. 2016. Review: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Is TV’s Most #Problematic Show. Time. http://time.com/4292506/unbreakable-kimmy-schmidt-season-2-review/?xid=time_socialflow_twitter. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Dhaenens, Frederik, and Sofie Van Bauwel. 2018. Sex in Sitcoms: Unravelling the Discourses on Sex in Friends. In The Routledge Companion to Media, Sex and Sexuality, ed. Clarissa Smith, Feona Attwood, and Brian McNair, 300–308. London and New York: Routledge.
Dillion, Katherine. 2009. Friends Watching Friends: American Television in Egypt. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
DocFuture. 2010. A Semi-Alphabetical Listing of Black Actors with Speaking Roles on Friends. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUc0vbSlanM. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Dyer, Richard. 1997. White. London and New York: Routledge.
Dyer, Richard. 1998. Stars. 2nd ed. London: BFI.
Ellis, John. 2002. Seeing Things: Television in the Age of Uncertainty. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
Entman, Robert, and Andrew Rojecki. 2000. The Black Image in the White Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fairfax Media Australia. 2003. Colour Is Not the Issue Here, Girlfriend. The Age. https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/colour-is-not-the-issue-here-girlfriend-20030501-gdvmrj.html. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Feuer, Jane. 1992. Genre Study and Television. In Channels of Discourse, Reassembled: Television and Contemporary Criticism, ed. Robert C. Allen, 2nd ed., 138–159. London: Routledge.
Feuer, Jane. 2015. Situation Comedy, Part 2. In The Television Genre Book, 3rd ed, ed. Glen Creeber, 100–101. London: BFI.
Gates, Henry Louis. 1989. TV’s Black World Turns—But Stays Unreal. The New York Times. 12 November, 1.
Ghomeshi, Jian. 2014. Aisha Tyler Is ‘Not Black Enough’. Q. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQ_WQbtFdKU. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Gorton, Kristyn. 2009. Media Audiences: Television, Meaning and Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Gosling, Sarah. 2018. Don’t Knock Friends. It’s Still Relevant, and Progressive, Too. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/19/friends-tv-dated-sexuality-masculinity-young-people. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Graham, Ruth. 2015. Chandler Bing Is the Worst Thing About Watching Friends in 2015. Slate. https://slate.com/culture/2015/01/friends-chandler-bing-and-his-homophobia-are-the-worst-thing-about-watching-the-nbc-sitcom-in-2015.html. Accessed 30 January 2019.
Gray, Herman. 1995. Watching Race: Television and the Struggle for ‘Blackness’. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Gray, Jonathan. 2008. Television Entertainment. New York and London: Routledge.
Gray, Jonathan. 2010. Show Sold Separately: Promos, Spoilers, and Other Media Paratexts. New York and London: New York University Press.
Hamad, Hannah. 2018. The One with the Feminist Critique: Revisiting Millennial Postfeminism with Friends. Television & New Media 19 (8): 692–707. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476418779624.
Harding, Xavier. 2017. Keeping ‘Insecure’ Lit: HBO Cinematographer Ava Berkofsky on Properly Lighting Black Faces. Mic. https://mic.com/articles/184244/keeping-insecure-lit-hbo-cinematographer-ava-berkofsky-on-properly-lighting-black-faces#.gXfwOvwuV. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Harrison, Colin. 2010. American Culture in the 1990s. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Harrison, George. 2018. Think Friends Is Offensive? Snowflakes, You’ll Want to Look Away from All These Sitcoms Too. The Sun. https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/5362323/friends-offensive-snowflakes-sitcoms/. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Haughton, Ashleigh. 2018. 17 Reasons ‘Friends’ Is No More Than a White Ripoff of ‘Living Single’. Odyssey. https://www.theodysseyonline.com/white-ripoff. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Heuman, Josh. 2016. What Happens in the Writers’ Room Stays in the Writers’ Room? Professional Authority. Lyle v. Warner Bros. Television & New Media 17 (3): 195–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476415594887.
Hill Collins, Patricia. 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment, 2nd ed. New York and London: Routledge.
hooks, bell. 1992. Black Looks: Race and Representation. Boston: South End Press.
Hunt, Darnell, et al. 2018. Hollywood Diversity Report 2018: Five Years of Progress and Missed Opportunities. Los Angeles: Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies at UCLA. https://socialsciences.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/UCLA-Hollywood-Diversity-Report-2018-2-27-18.pdf. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Hunter, Gené B. 2018. Aisha Tyler Looks Back at the ‘Colorblind Casting’ That Got Her on Friends. InStyle. https://www.instyle.com/aisha-tyler-friends-colorblind-casting. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Jenkins, Henry, Sam Ford, and Joshua Green. 2013. Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture. New York and London: New York University Press.
Jenner, Mareike. 2018. Netflix and the Re-invention of Television. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Jhally, Sut, and Justin Lewis. 1992. Enlightened Racism: The Cosby Show, Audiences, and the Myth of the American Dream. Oxford and Boulder: Westview Press.
Kaplan, Ilana. 2018. Friends: 10 Times the Classic Sitcom Was Problematic. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/friends-netflix-sitcom-problem-sexism-men-joey-phoebe-chandler-ross-rachel-a8168976.html. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Kerr, Audrey Elisa. 2006. The Paper Bag Principle: Class, Colorism, Rumor and the Case of Black Washington. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
Kessler, Kelly. 2006. Politics of the Sitcom Formula: Friends, Mad About You and the Sapphic Second Banana. In The New Queer Aesthetic on Television: Essays on Recent Programming, ed. James R. Keller and Leslie Stratyner, 130–146. Jefferson: McFarland.
Lauzen, Martha M. 2018. Boxed in 2017–18: Women on Screen and Behind the Scenes in Television. Center for the Study of Women in Television & Film. San Diego: San Diego State University. https://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2017-18_Boxed_In_Report.pdf. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Logan, Brian. 2018. Aziz Ansari Suggests ‘Wokeness’ Can Go Too Far at Surprise Gig. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/oct/08/aziz-ansari-surprise-standup-gig. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Lotz, Amanda D. 2005. Segregated Sitcoms: Institutional Causes of Disparity Among Black and White Comedy Images and Audiences. In The Sitcom Reader: Viewed and Skewed, ed. Mary M. Dalton and Laura R. Linder, 139–150. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Lubiano, Wahneema. 1992. Black Ladies, Welfare Queens, and State Minstrels: Ideological War by Narrative Means. In Race-ing Justice, En-Gendering Power, ed. Toni Morrison, 323–363. New York: Pantheon.
Lyle v. Warner Brothers Television Productions. 2006. Supreme Court of California. S125171 Ct. App. 2/7 160528. Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. BC239047.
Marghitu, Stefania, and Conrad Ng. 2013. Body Talk: Reconsidering the Post-Feminist Discourse and Critical Reception of Lena Dunham’s Girls. Gender Forum: An Internet Journal for Gender Studies 45: 108–125. http://www.genderforum.org/issues/special-issue-early-career-researchers-i/body-talk-reconsidering-the-post-feminist-discourse-and-critical-reception-of-lena-dunhams-girls/. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Marshall, Lisa Marie. 2007. ‘I’ll Be There for You’ If You Are Just Like Me: An Analysis of Hegemonic Social Structures in ‘Friends’. Unpublished PhD thesis, Graduate College of Bowling Green State University.
Mercer, Kobena. 1987. Black Hair/Style Politics. New Formations 3: 33–54.
Miller, Kelsey. 2018a. I’ll Be There For You: The One About Friends. London: HQ.
Miller, Kelsey. 2018b. The Ruling in This ‘Friends’ Lawsuit Set Back the #MeToo Movement By Years—Now the Woman at the Center of It Speaks Out. Bustle. https://www.bustle.com/p/the-ruling-in-this-friends-lawsuit-set-back-the-metoo-movement-by-years-now-the-woman-at-the-center-of-it-speaks-out-12636045. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Mills, Brett. 2009. The Sitcom. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Morreale, Joanne. 2003. Introduction: On the Sitcom. In Critiquing the Sitcom: A Reader, ed. Joanne Morreale, xi–xix. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Morris, Wesley. 2018. Should Art Be a Battleground for Social Justice?: The Morality Wars. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/03/magazine/morality-social-justice-art-entertainment.html. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Newcomb, Horace. 1974. TV: The Most Popular Art. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Nussbaum, Emily. 2011. Crass Warfare: Raunch and Ridicule on ‘Whitney’ and ‘Two Broke Girls’. The New Yorker, 28 November, 72–74.
Nussbaum, Emily. 2013. Difficult Women: How ‘Sex and the City’ Lost Its Good Name. The New Yorker, 29 July, 64–67.
Obama, Michelle. 2018. Becoming. New York: Crown.
O’Connor, John J. 1994. Television Review: Yes, More Friends Sitting Around. The New York Times, 29 September, C18.
Paskin, Willa. 2014. Attractive People Being Funny While Doing Amusing and Sometimes Romantic Things. Slate. https://slate.com/culture/2014/09/friends-20th-anniversary-the-nbc-sitcom-was-truly-great.html. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Phalange, Roberta. 2016. ‘The One with Racial Discrimination’—A Contemporary Look into Friends. https://criticalinsightintofriends.wordpress.com/2016/02/01/the-one-with-racial-discrimination-a-contemporary-look-into-friends-2/. Accessed 14 April 2019.
politicalremix. 2011. Homophobic Friends—By Tijana Mamula. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsQ5za-J6I8&feature=player_embedded#. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Pountain, Dick, and David Robins. 2000. Cool Rules: Anatomy of an Attitude. London: Reaktion Books.
Pye, Douglas. 2007. Movies and Tone. In Close Up 02, ed. John Gibbs and Douglas Pye, 1–80. London: Wallflower Press.
Redd, Nancy. 2014. Why Aisha Tyler Is So Proud to Be a ‘Black Nerd’. HuffPost Live. https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/why-aisha-tyler-is-so-proud-to-be-a-black-nerd_us_5b4f6627e4b004fe162f8980. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Reynolds, Megan, and Joanna Rothkopf. 2018. Every Non-white Character on Sex and the City. Jezebel. https://themuse.jezebel.com/every-non-white-character-on-sex-and-the-city-1826192709. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Robinson, Phoebe. 2016. You Can’t Touch My Hair: And Other Things I Still Have to Explain. New York: Plume.
Rockler, Naomi R. 2006. Friends, Judaism, and the Holiday Armadillo: Mapping a Rhetoric of Postidentity Politics. Communication Theory 16 (4): 453–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00278.x.
Rosa, Christopher. 2018. Revisiting the Friends Episode in Which Everyone’s Awkward About Money. Glamour. https://www.glamour.com/story/friends-episode-five-steaks-and-an-eggplant-money. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Sandell, Jillian. 1998. I’ll Be There For You: Friends and the Fantasy of Alternative Families. American Studies 39 (2): 141–155.
Scott, Tony. 1994. Friends. Variety. https://variety.com/1994/tv/reviews/friends-4-1200438471/. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Sepinwall, Alan. 2014. The One Where ‘Friends’ Ended 10 Years Ago Tonight. Uproxx. https://uproxx.com/sepinwall/the-one-where-friends-ended-10-years-ago-tonight/. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Smith-Shomade, Beretta E. 2002. Shaded Lives: African-American Women and Television. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press.
Springer, Kimberly. 2008. Divas, Evil Black Bitches, and Bitter Black Women: African American Women in Postfeminist and Post-Civil Rights Popular Culture. In Feminist Television Criticism: A Reader, ed. Charlotte Brunsdon and Lynn Spigel, 2nd ed., 72–92. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Sterngold, James. 1998. A Racial Divide Widens on Network TV. The New York Times, 29 December, A01.
Terkel, Studs. 1992. Race: How Blacks and Whites Think and Feel About the American Obsession. New York: Anchor Books.
Tucker, Ken. 1994. TV Show Review: Winning ‘Friends’. Entertainment Weekly. https://ew.com/article/1994/10/21/tv-show-review-winning-friends/. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Tyler, Aisha. 2004. Swerve: Reckless Observations of a Postmodern Girl. New York: Dutton.
Tyler, Aisha. 2012. Dear Gamers. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/notes/aisha-tyler/dear-gamers/10151040991508993. Accessed 14 April 2019.
Vermeulen, Timotheus, and James Whitfield. 2013. Arrested Developments: Towards an Aesthetic of the Contemporary US Sitcom. In Television Aesthetics and Style, ed. Jason Jacobs and Steven Peacock, 103–111. London and New York: Bloomsbury.
Warner, Kristen J. 2015. The Cultural Politics of Colorblind TV Casting. New York: Routledge.
Warner, Kristen J. 2017. In the Time of Plastic Representation. Film Quarterly 71 (2): 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1525/fq.2017.71.2.32.
West, Carolyn M. 2018. Mammy, Sapphire, Jezebel, and the Bad Girls of Reality Television: Media Representations of Black Women. In Lectures on the Psychology of Women, 5th ed, ed. Joan C. Chrisler and Carla Golden, 139–158. Long Grove: Waveland Press.
Wickham, Phil. 2013. British Situation Comedy and ‘The Culture of the New Capitalism’. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Exeter.
Woods, Faye. 2015. Girls Talk: Authorship and Authenticity in the Reception of Lena Dunham’s Girls. Critical Studies in Television 10 (2): 37–54. https://doi.org/10.7227/CST.10.2.4.
Television
Archer (2009–present), USA: FX.
Black-ish (2014–present), USA: ABC.
2 Broke Girls (2011–2017), USA: CBS.
Brooklyn Nine-Nine (2013–2018, 2019–present), USA: Fox, NBC.
Designing Women (1986–1993), USA: CBS.
Family Matters (1989–1998), USA: ABC/CBS.
Frasier (1993–2004), USA: NBC.
Friends (1994–2004), USA: NBC.
Grace and Frankie (2015–present), USA: Netflix.
Girlfriends (2000–2008), USA: UPN/The CW.
Girls (2011–2017), USA: HBO.
How I Met Your Mother (2005–2014), USA: CBS.
How to Get Away with Murder (2014-present), USA: ABC.
Insecure (2016–present), USA: HBO.
Living Single (1993–1998), USA: Fox.
Martin (1992–1997), USA: Fox.
Moesha (1996–2001), USA: UPN.
One Day at a Time (2017–2019), USA: Netflix.
Seinfeld (1989–1998), USA: NBC.
Sex and the City (1998–2004), USA: HBO.
Stranger Things (2016–present), USA: Netflix.
The Cosby Show (1984–1992), USA: NBC.
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1990–1996), USA: NBC.
The Good Place (2016–present), USA: NBC.
The Office—An American Workplace (2005–2013), USA: NBC.
The Oprah Winfrey Show (1986–2011), USA: ABC.
Tracey Breaks the News (2017–present), UK: BBC One.
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt (2015–2019), USA: Netflix.
Film
Edwards, B. 1979. 10. Burbank, CA, USA: Warner Bros.
Fleming, V. 1939. The Wizard of Oz. New York, NY, USA: Loews.
Jenkins, B. 2016. Moonlight. New York, NY, USA: A24.
Peele, J. 2017. Get Out. New York, NY, USA: Universal Pictures.
Riley, B. 2018. Sorry to Bother You. West Hollywood, CA, USA: Mirror Releasing.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Knox, S., Schwind, K.H. (2019). The One with the Emblematic Problematic Fave: Friends and the Politics of Representation. In: Friends. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25429-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25429-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-25428-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-25429-2
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)