Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bluetongue Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Transboundary Animal Diseases in Sahelian Africa and Connected Regions

  • 557 Accesses

Abstract

Bluetongue (BT) is a noncontagious OIE-listed disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by a virus (Bluetongue virus—BTV) of the Orbivirus genus within the family Reoviridae and transmitted by biting midges of the genus Culicoides. BT is a considerable socioeconomic concern and of major importance for the international trade of animals and animal products. In the past, BT endemic areas were considered those between latitudes 40 °N and 35 °S; however, BT has spread far beyond this traditional range. BTV has multiple serotypes and these serotypes exist in a complex network of serological cross-relationships, varying from partial to no protection between heterologous strains. This chapter summarizes several aspects of BT and BTV with particular emphasis for BTV epidemiology in Sahelian Africa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abu Elzein EME. Precipitating antibodies against bluetongue and foot and mouth disease viruses in cattle between the two Niles in Khartoum Province, Sudan. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz. 1983;2:1059–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abu Elzein EME, Tag Eldin MH. The first outbreaks of sheep bluetongue in Khartoum Province, Sudan. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz. 1985;4:509–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adam IA, Abdalla MS, Mohamed MEH, Aradaib IE. Prevalence of bluetongue virus infection and associated risk factors among cattle in North Kordufan State, Western Sudan. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10:94–101.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anon. Records of the Animal Production Department. Sudan: Government; 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony S, Jones H, Darpel KE, Elliott H, Maan S, Samuel A, Mellor PS, Mertens PP. A duplex RT-PCR assay for detection of genome segment 7 (VP7gene) from 24 BTV serotypes. J Virol Methods. 2007;141:188–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Attoui H, Maan SS, Anthony SJ, Mertens PPC. Bluetongue virus, other orbiviruses and other reoviruses: their relationships and taxonomy. 1st ed. London: Elsevier/Academic Press; 2009. p. 23–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhoum M, Fall M, Fall A, Bellis G, Gottlieb Y, Labuschagne K. First record of Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer and diversity of species within the Schultzei group of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges in Senegal. PLoS One. 2013;8:1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barratt-Boyes SM, MacLachlan NJ. Dynamics of viral spread in bluetongue virus infected calves. Vet Microbiol. 1994;40:361–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belbis G, Zientara S, Brèard E, Sailleau C, Caignard G, Vitour D, Attoui H. Bluetongue virus: from BTV-1 to BTV-27. Adv Virus Res. 2017;99:161–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belhouchet M, Mohd Jaafar F, Firth AE, Grimes JM, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Detection of a fourth orbivirus non-structural protein. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e25697. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025697.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bida SA, Eid FIA. Bluetongue of sheep in Nigeria. J Nig Vet Med Assoc. 1974;3:12–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonneau KR, Demaula CD, Mullens BA, MacLachlan NJ. Duration of viraemia infectious to Culicoides sonorensis in Bluetongue virus-infected cattle and sheep. Vet Microbiol. 2002;88(2):115–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borkent A. The biting midges, the Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). In: Marquardt WH, editor. Biology of disease vectors. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005. p. 113–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyce M, Celma CCP, Roy P. Development of reverse genetics systems for Bluetongue virus: recovery of infectious virus from synthetic RNA transcripts. J Virol. 2008;82:8339–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Braverman Y, Chizov-Ginzburg A. Repellency of synthetic and plant-derived preparations for Culicoides imicola. Med Vet Entomol. 1997;11(4):355–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bumbarov V, Golender N, Erster O, Khinich Y. Detection and isolation of Bluetongue virus from commercial vaccine batches. Vaccine. 2016;34:3317–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calistri P, Giovannini A, Conte A, Nannini D, Santucci U, Patta C, Rolesu S, Caporale V. Bluetongue in Italy: Part I. Vet Ital. 2004;40(3):243–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caporale V, Giovannini A. Bluetongue control strategy, including recourse to vaccine: a critical review. Rev Sci Tech. 2010;29(3):573–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caporale M, Di Gialleonorado L, Janowicz A, Wilkie G, Shaw A, Savini G, Van Rijn PA, Mertens P, Di Ventura M, Palmarini M. Virus and host factors affecting the clinical outcome of Bluetongue virus infection. J Virol. 2014;88:10399–411.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cappai S, Loi F, Coccollone A, Contu M, Capece P, Fiori M, Canu S, Foxi C, Rolesu S. Retrospective analysis of Bluetongue farm risk profile definition, based on biology, farm management practices and climatic data. Prev Vet Med. 2018;155:75–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cappai S, Rolesu S, Loi F, Liciardi M, Leone A, Marcacci M, Teodori L, Mangone I, Sghaier S, Portanti O, Savini G, Lorusso A. Western Bluetongue virus serotype 3 in Sardinia, diagnosis and characterization. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66(3):1426–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter S, Veronesi E, Mullens B, Venter G. Vector competence of Culicoides for arboviruses: three major periods of research, their influence on current studies and future directions. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz. 2015;34(1):97–112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpi G, Holmes EC, Kitchen A. The evolutionary dynamics of Bluetongue virus. J Mol Evol. 2010;70:583–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-010-9354-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Celma CCP, Boyce M, van Rijn PA, Eschbaumer M, Wernike K, Hoffmann B, Beer M, Haegeman A, De Clercq K, Roy P. Rapid generation of replication-deficient monovalent and multivalent vaccines for Bluetongue virus: protection against virulent virus challenge in cattle and sheep. J Virol. 2013;87:9856–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clavijo A, Heckert RA, Dulac GC, Afshar A. Isolation and identification of Bluetongue virus. J Virol Methods. 2000;87(1–2):13–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coetzee P, Stokstad M, Venter EH, Myrmel M, Van Vuuren M. Bluetongue: a historical and epidemiological perspective with the emphasis on South Africa. Virol J. 2014;9:198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conte A, Giovannini A, Savini G, Goffredo M, Calistri P, Meiswinkel R. The effect of climate on the presence of Culicoides imicola in Italy. J Veterinary Med Ser B. 2003;50:139–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conte A, Goffredo M, Ippoliti C, Meiswinkel R. Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the distribution and abundance of Culicoides imicola and the Obsoletus Complex in Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2007;150(4):333–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curini V, Marcacci M, Tonelli A, Di Teodoro G, Di Domenico M, D'Alterio N, Portanti O, Ancora M, Savini G, Panfili M, Cammà C, Lorusso A. Molecular typing of Bluetongue virus using the nCounter analysis system platform. J Virol Methods. 2019;269:64–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Koeijer AA, Elbers ARW. Modelling of vector-borne diseases and transmission of Bluetongue virus in North-West Europe, Chapter 6. In: Takken W, Knols BGJ, editors. Ecology and control of vector-borne disease, vol. 1. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic; 2007. p. 99–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Liberato C, Purse BV, Goffredo M, Scholl F, Scaramozzino P. Geographical and seasonal distribution of the Bluetongue virus vector, Culicoides imicola, in central Italy. Med Vet Entomol. 2003;17:388–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drew CP, Gardner IA, Mayo CE, Matsuo E, Roy P, MacLachlan NJ. Bluetongue virus infection alters the impedance of monolayers of bovine endothelial cells as a result of cell death. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2010a;138:108–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drew CP, Heller MC, Mayo C, Watson JL, MacLachlan NJ. Bluetongue virus infection activates bovine monocyte-derived macrophages and pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2010b;136:292–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Du Toit RM. The transmission of Bluetongue and horse sickness by Culicoides. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Ind. 1944;19:7–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dungu B, Gerdes T, Smit T. The use of vaccination in the control of Bluetongue in southern Africa. Vet Ital. 2004;40:616–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisa M, Karrar AE, Elrahim A. Incidence of Bluetongue virus precipitating antibodies in sera of some domestic animals in the Sudan. J Hyg. 1979;83(3):539–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eisa M, Osman OM, Karrar AE, Abdel Rahim AH. An outbreak of Bluetongue in sheep in the Sudan. Vet Rec. 1980;106(23):481–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekue FN, Nfi AN, Tsangue P, et al. Bluetongue in exotic sheep in Cameroon. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1985;17:187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erasmus BJ. The control of Bluetongue in an enzootic situation. Aust Vet J. 1975;51:209–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare on request from the European Commission on Bluetongue Vectors and Vaccines. EFSA J. 2007;479:1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fall M, Diarra M, Fall AG, Balenghien T, Seck MT, Bouyer J, Garros C, Gimonneau G, Allène X, Mall I, Delécolle JC, Rakotoarivony I, Bakhoum MT, Dusom AM, Ndao M, Konaté L, Faye O, Baldet T. Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) midges, the vectors of African horse sickness virus—a host/vector contact study in the Niayes area of Senegal. Parasit Vectors. 2015a;8:39.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fall M, Fall AG, Seck MT, Bouyer J, Diarra M, Lancelot R, Gimonneau G, Garros C, Bakhoum MT, Faye O, Baldet T, Balenghien T. Host preferences and circadian rhythm of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), vectors of African horse sickness and Bluetongue viruses in Senegal. Acta Trop. 2015b;149:239–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feenstra F, van Rijn PA. Current and next-generation Bluetongue vaccines: requirements, strategies, and prospects for different field situations. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2017;43:142–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feenstra F, Eenstraab JSP, van Rijnac PA. Application of Bluetongue Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine for different serotypes by VP2 exchange or incorporation of chimeric VP2. Vaccine. 2015;33:812–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foxi C, Delrio G, Falchi G, Marche MG, Satta G, Ruiu L. Role of different Culicoides vectors (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in bluetongue virus transmission and overwintering in Sardinia (Italy). Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):440.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gambles RM. Bluetongue of sheep in Cyprus. J Comp Pathol. 1949;59:176–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gard GP, Shorthose JE, Weir RP, Erasmus BJ. The isolation of a Bluetongue serotype new to Australia. Aust Vet J. 1987;64:87–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs EP, Greiner EC. The epidemiology of Bluetongue. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994;17:207–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goossens B, Osaer S, Kora S, Chandler KJ, Petrie L, Thevasagayam JA, Woolhouse T, Anderson J. Abattoir survey of sheep and goats in the Gambia. Vet Rec. 1998;142(11):277–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorman BM, Taylor J, Walker PJ, Davidson WL, Brown F. Comparisons of Bluetongue type 20 with certain viruses of the Bluetongue and Eubenangee serological groups of orbiviruses. J Gen Virol. 1981;57:251–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gould AR, Hyatt AD. The Orbivirus genus. Diversity, structure, replication and phylogenetic relationships. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994;17:163–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-9571(94)90041-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hafez SM, Ozawa Y. Serological survey of Bluetongue in Egypt. Bull Epiz Dis Afr. 1973;21(3):297–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Häsler B, Howe KS, Di Labio E, Schwermer H, Stärk KDC. Economic evaluation of the surveillance and intervention programme for Bluetongue virus serotype 8 in Switzerland. Prev Vete Med. 2012;103:93–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann MA, Renzullo S, Mader M, Chaignat V, Worwa G, Thuer B. Genetic characterization of Toggenburg Orbivirus, a new Bluetongue virus, from goats, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008a;14:1855–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann M, Griot C, Chaignat V, Perler L, Thur B. Bluetongue disease reaches Switzerland. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2008b;150:49–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huismans H. Protein synthesis in Bluetongue virus infected cells. Virology. 1979;92:385–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huismans H, Van Staden V, Fick WC, Van Niekerk M, Meiring TL, Texeira L. A comparison of different Orbivirus proteins that could affect virulence and pathogenesis. In : Proceedings of the third OIE Bluetongue international symposium, Oct 26–29; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutcheon D. Malarial catarrhal fever of sheep. Vet Res. 1902;14:629–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICTV. Virus taxonomy: 2014 release; 2018. Retrieved 15 Jun 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ismail JM, Martin J, Nazmi A. Bluetongue neutralization test with different virus under variable condition. Agr Res Rev Egypt. 1987;65(5):867–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jafari-Shoorijeh S, Ramin AG, MacLachlan NJ, Osburn BI, Tamadon A, Behzadi MA, Mahdavi M, Araskhani A, Samani D, Rezajou N, Amin-Pour A. High seroprevalence of Bluetongue virus infection in sheep flocks in West Azerbaijan, Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;33:243–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janowicz A, Caporale M, Shaw A, Gulletta S, DiGialleonardo L, Ratinier M, Palmarini M. Multiple genome segments determine virulence of Bluetongue virus serotype 8. J Virol. 2015;89:5238–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jeggo MH, Wardley C, Brownlie J, Corteyn AH. Serial inoculation of sheep with two Bluetongue virus types. Res Vet Sci. 1986;40:386–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez-Clavero MA, Agüero M, San Miguel E, Mayoral T, López MC, Ruano MJ, Romero E, Monaco F, Polci A, Savini G, Gomez-Tejedor C. High throughput detection of Bluetongue virus by a new real-time fluorogenic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction: application on clinical samples from current Mediterranean outbreaks. J Vet Diagn Investig. 2006;18:7–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DJ, Wilson WC, Paul PS. Validation of a reverse tran-scriptase multiplex PCR test for the serotype determination of U.S. isolates of Bluetongue virus. Vet Microbiol. 2000;76:105–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz JB, Alstad AD, Gustafson GA, Moser KM. Sensitive identification of Bluetongue virus serogroup by a colorimetric dual oligonucleotide sorbent assay of amplified viral nucleic acid. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:3028–30.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lefevre PC, Taylor WP. Situation épidemiologique de la fièvre catarrhale du mouton (Blue tongue) au Sénégal. Rev Elev Méd Vét Pays Trop. 1983;36(3):241–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorusso A, Sghaier S, Carvelli A, Di Gennaro A, Leone A, Marini V, Pelini S, Marcacci M, Rocchigiani AM, Puggioni G, Savini G. Bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 4 in Sardinia during autumn 2012: new incursions or re-infection with old strains? Infect Genet Evol. 2013;19:81–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.06.028.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorusso A, Sghaier S, Ancora M, Marcacci M, Di Gennaro A, Portanti O, Savini G. Molecular epidemiology of Bluetongue virus serotype 1 circulating in Italy and its connection with northern Africa. Infect Genet Evol. 2014;28:44–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorusso A, Baba D, Spedicato M, Teodori L, Bonfini B, Marcacci M, Di Provvido A, Isselmou K, Marini V, Carmine I, Scacchia M, Di Sabatino D, Petrini A, Bezeid BA, Savini G. Bluetongue virus surveillance in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania: is serotype 26 circulating among cattle and dromedaries? Infect Genet Evol. 2016;40:109–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorusso A, Guercio A, Purpari G, Cammà C, Calistri P, D’Alterio N, Hammami S, Sghaier S, Savini G. Bluetongue virus serotype 3 in Western Sicily, November 2017. Vet Ital. 2017;53(4):273–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorusso A, Sghaier S, Di Domenico M, Barbria ME, Zaccaria G, Megdich A, Portanti O, Seliman IB, Spedicato M, Pizzurro F, Carmine I, Teodori L, Mahjoub M, Mangone I, Leone A, Hammami S, Marcacci M, Savini G. Analysis of Bluetongue serotype 3 spread in Tunisia and discovery of a novel strain related to the Bluetongue virus isolated from a commercial sheep pox vaccine. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;59:63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.025.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundervold M, Milner-Gulland EJ, O’Callaghan CJ, Hamblin C. First evidence of Bluetongue virus in Kazakhstan. Vet Microbiol. 2003;92:281–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maan S, Maan NS, Ross-Smith N, Batten CA, Shaw AE, Anthony SJ, Samuel AR, Darpel KE, Veronesi E, Oura CA, Singh KP, Nomikou K, Potgieter AC, Attoui H, van Rooij E, van Rijn P, De Clercq E, Vandenbussche F, Zientara S, Bréard E, Sailleau C, Beer M, Hoffman B, Mellor PS, Mertens PP. Sequence analysis of Bluetongue virus serotype 8 from the Netherlands 2006 and comparison to other European strains. Virology. 2008;377:308–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maan S, Maan NS, Nomikou K, Veronesi E, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Belaganahalli MN, Attoui H, Mertens PP. Complete genome characterisation of a novel 26th Bluetongue virus serotype from Kuwait. PLoS One. 2011;6:e26147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maan NS, Maan S, Belaganahalli MN, Ostlund EN, Johnson DJ, Nomikou K, Mertens PP. Identification and differentiation of the twenty six Bluetongue virus serotypes by RT-PCR amplification of the serotype-specific genome segment 2. PLoS One. 2012;7:e32601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacLachlan NJ. Bluetongue: pathogenesis and duration of viraemia. Vet Ital. 2004;40(4):462–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacLachlan NJ. Global implications of the recent emergence of Bluetongue virus in Europe. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2010;26:163–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacLachlan NJ, Mayo CE. Potential strategies for control of Bluetongue, a globally emerging, Culicoides-transmitted viral disease of ruminant livestock and wildlife. Antivir Res. 2013;99(2):79–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacLachlan NJ, Jagels G, Rossitto PV, Moore PF, Heidner HW. The pathogenesis of experimental Bluetongue virus infection of calves. Vet Pathol. 1990;27:223–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacLachlan NJ, Drew CP, Darpel KE, Worwa G. The pathology and pathogenesis of Bluetongue. J Comp Path. 2009;141:1–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud AS, Savini G, Spedicato M, Monaco F, Carmine I, Lorusso A, Francesco T, Mazzei M, Forzan M, Eldaghayes I, Dayhum A. Exploiting serological data to understand the epidemiology of Bluetongue virus serotypes circulating in Libya. Vet Med Sci. 2018;5(1):79–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marcacci M, Sant S, Mangone I, Goria M, Dondo A, Zoppi S, van Gennip RGP, Radaelli MC, Cammà C, van Rijn PA, Savini G, Lorusso A. One after the other: a novel Bluetongue virus strain related to Toggenburg virus detected in the Piedmont region (North-western Italy), extends the panel of novel atypical BTV strains. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65(2):370–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12822.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McVey DS, MacLachlan NJ. Vaccines for prevention of Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in livestock—a North American perspective. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015;15:385–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mecham JO, Nunamaker RA. Complex interactions between vectors and pathogens: Culicoides variipennis sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) infection rates with Bluetongue viruses. J Med Entomol. 1994;31(6):903–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meiswinkel R, Nevill EM, Venter GJ. Vectors: Culicoides spp. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC, editors. Infectious diseases of livestock with special reference to Southern Africa, vol. 1. Cape Town: Oxford University Press; 1994. p. 69–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meiswinkel R, Gomulski LM, Delecolle JC, Goffredo M, Gasperi G. The taxonomy of Culicoides vector complexes—unfinished business. Vet Ital. 2004;40:151–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meiswinkel R, Baldet T, de Deken R, Takken W, Delecolle JC, Mellor PS. The 2006 outbreak of Bluetongue in northern Europe—the entomological perspective. Prev Vet Med. 2008;87:55–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellor PS, Osborne R, Jennings DM. Isolation of Bluetongue and related viruses from Culicoides spp. in the Sudan. J Hyg. 1984;93(3):621–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mellor PS, Boorman J, Baylis M. Culicoides biting midges: their role as Arbovirus vectors. Annu Rev Entomol. 2000;45:307–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melzi E, Caporale M, Rocchi M, Martín V, Gamino V, Di Provvido A, Marruchella G, Entrican G, Sevilla N, Palmarini M. Follicular dendritic cell disruption as a novel mechanism of virus-induced immunosuppression. PNAS. 2016;113(41):E6238–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mertens PPC, Maan S, Samuel A, Attoui H. Orbiviruses, reoviridae. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, editors. Virus taxonomy eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. London: Elsevier/Academic Press; 2005. p. 466–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mertens PPC, Maan NS, Prasad G, Samuel AR, Shaw AE, Potgieter AC, Anthony SJ, Maan S. The design of primers and use of RT-PCR assays for typing European BTV isolates: differentiation of field and vaccine strains. J Gen Virol. 2007;88:2811–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monaco F, De Luca N, Spina P, Morelli D, Liberatore I, Citarella R, Savini G, MacLachlan NJ, Pearson JE. Virological and serological responses in cattle following field vaccination with bivalent modified-live vaccine against Bluetongue virus serotype 2 and 9. Vet Ital. 2004;40:657–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore DL, Kemp GE. Bluetongue and related viruses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Serologic studies of domesticated and wild animals. Am J Vet Res. 1974;35:1115–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moulton JE. Pathology of Bluetongue of sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1961;138:493–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • OIE. Chapter 8.3. Infection with Bluetongue virus. OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code, 27th ed. 2018. Isbn:978-92-95108-59-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orrù G, Ferrando ML, Meloni M, Liciardi M, Savini G, De Santis P. Rapid detection and quantitation of Bluetongue virus (BTV) using a Molecular Beacon fluorescent probe assay. J Virol Methods. 2006;137:34–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen NC, Munz EK. Observations on a strain of Bluetongue virus by electron microscopy. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1966;33:9–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Purse BV, Baylis M, Tatem AJ, et al. Predicting the risk of Bluetongue through time: climate models of temporal patterns of outbreaks in Israel. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz. 2004a;23:761–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purse BV, Tatem AJ, Caracappa S, Rogers DJ, Mellor PS, Baylis M, Torina A. Modelling the distributions of Culicoides Bluetongue virus vectors in Sicily in relation to satellite derived climate variables. Med Vet Entomol. 2004b;18:90–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Purse BV, Mellor PS, Rogers DJ, Samuel AR, Mertens PPC, Baulis M. Climate change and the recent emergence of Bluetongue in Europe. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005;3:171–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Purse BV, Brown HE, Harrup L, Mertens PPC, Rogers DJ. Invasion of Bluetongue and other arbovirus infections into Europe: the role of biological and climatic processes. Rev Sci Tech. 2008;27:427–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen LD, Savini G, Lorusso A, Bellacicco A, Palmarini M, Caporale M, Rasmussen T, Belsham GJ, Bøtner A. Transplacental transmission of field and rescued strains of BTV-2 and BTV-8 in experimentally infected sheep. Vet Res. 2013;44(1):75.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ratinier M, Caporale M, Golder M, Franzoni G, Allan K, Nunes SF, Armezzani A, Bayoumy A, Rixon F, Shaw A, Palmarini M. Identification and characterization of a novel non-structural protein of Bluetongue virus. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(12):e1002477. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002477.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rawlings P, Capela R, Pro MJ, et al. The relationship between climate and the distribution of Culicoides imicola in Iberia. Arch Virol. 1998;14:93–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy YK, Manohar BM, Pandey AB, Reddy YM, Prasad G, Chauhan RS. Development and evaluation of inactivated pentavalent adjuvanted vaccine for Bluetongue. Indian Vet J. 2010;87:434–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy P, Boyce M, Noad R. Prospects for improved Bluetongue vaccines. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7:120–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Fons F, Reyes-García AR, Alcaide V, Gortázar C. Spatial and temporal evolution of Bluetongue virus in wild ruminants, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:951–3.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton J. The economics of animal health and production. Oxfordshire: CAB International; 2009. p. 193–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saeed SI. A survey of Bluetongue virus antibodies and associate risk factors among camels in Khartoum state, Sudan. J Camel Res Prod; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Rodríguez-Sánchez B, Risalde MA, Molina V, Pedrera M, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Immunohistochemical detection of Bluetongue virus in fixed tissue. J Comp Pathol. 2010;143:20–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savini G, Monaco F, Citarella R, Calzetta G, Panichi G, Ruiu A, Caporale V. Monovalent modified vaccine against Bluetongue virus serotype 2: immunity studies in cows. Vet Ital. 2004;40:664–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savini G, Ronchi GF, Leone A, Ciarelli A, Migliaccio P, Franchi P, Mercante MT, Pini A. An inactivated vaccine for the control of Bluetongue virus serotype 16 infection in sheep in Italy. Vet Microbiol. 2007;124:140–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savini G, MacLachlan NJ, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM, Zientara S. Vaccines against Bluetongue in Europe. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;31:101–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savini G, Lorusso A, Paladini C, Migliaccio P, Di Gennaro A, Di Provvido A, Scacchia M, Monaco F. Bluetongue Serotype 2 and 9 Modified Live Vaccine Viruses as Causative Agents of Abortion in Livestock: A Retrospective Analysis in Italy. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2014;61(1):69–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savini G, Puggioni G, Meloni G, Marcacci M, Di Domenico M, Rocchiggiani AM, Spedicato M, Oggiano A, Manunta D, Teodori L, Leone A, Portanti O, Cito F, Conte A, Orsini M, Cammà C, Calistri P, Giovannini A, Lorusso A. Novel putative Bluetongue virus in healthy goats from Sardinia, Italy. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;51:108–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz C, Breard E, Sailleau C, Jenckel M, Viarouge C, Vitour D, Palmarini M, Gallois M, Höper D, Hoffmann B, Beer M, Zientara S. Bluetongue virus serotype 27: detection and characterization of two novel variants in Corsica, France. J Gen Virol. 2016;97(9):2073–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz-Cornil I, Mertens PP, Contreras V, Hemati B, Pascale F, Bréard E, Mellor PS, MacLachlan NJ, Zientara S. Bluetongue virus: virology, pathogenesis and immunity. Vet Res. 2008;39(5):46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scottish Government. Assessing the economic impact of different Bluetongue Virus (BTV) incursion scenarios in Scotland. Technical report Commission Number CR/2007/56; 2008. http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/241420/0067122.pdf. Accessed Mar 2015.

  • Sellers RF. Bluetongue in Africa, the Mediterranean region and near east—disease, virus and vectors. Prev Vet Med. 1984;2(1–4):371–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sellers RF, Mellor PS. Temperature and the persistence of viruses in Culicoides spp. during adverse conditions. Rev Sci Tech. 1993;12:733–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sellers RF, Taylor WP. Epidemiology of Bluetongue and the import and export of livestock, semen and embryos. Bull Off Int Epiz. 1980;92:587–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellers RF, Pedgley DE, Tucker MR. Possible windborne spread of Bluetongue to Portugal. J Hyg. 1979;81:181–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sghaier S, Lorusso A, Portanti O, Marcacci M, Orsini M, Barbria ME, Mahmoud AS, Hammami S, Petrini A, Savini G. A novel Bluetongue virus serotype 3 strain in Tunisia, November 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017;64(3):709–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12640.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw AE, Monaghan P, Alpar HO, Anthony S, Darpel KE, Batten CA, Guercio A, Alimena G, Vitale M, Bankowska K, Carpenter S, Jones H, Oura CAL, King DP, Elliott H, Mellor PS, Mertens PPC. Development and initial evaluation of a real-time RT-PCR assay to detect Bluetongue virus genome segment 1. J Virol Methods. 2007;145:115–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spedicato M, Carmine I, Teodori L, Leone A, Casaccia C, Di Gennaro A, Di Francesco G, Marruchella G, Portanti O, Marini V, Pisciella M, Lorusso A, Savini G. Transplacental transmission of the Italian Bluetongue virus serotype 2 in sheep. Vet Ital. 2019;55(2):131–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sperlova A, Zendulkova D. Bluetongue: a review. Vet Med. 2011;56(9):430–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spreull J. Report from veterinary surgeon Spreull on the result of his experiments with the malarial catarrhal fever of sheep. Agric J Cape Good Hope. 1902;20:469–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spreull J. Malarial catarrhal fever (Bluetongue) of sheep in South Africa. J Comp Pathol Ther. 1905;18:321–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staubach C, Conte A, Meiswinkel R, Gethmann J, Unger F, Frohlich A, Gloster J, Purse B. Epidemiological analysis of the 2006 Bluetongue virus serotype 8 epidemic in North-Western Europe: role of environmental factors—small scale environmental analysis. EFSA report; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart M, Hardy A, Barry G, Pinto RM, Caporale M, Melzi E, Palmarini M. Characterization of a second open reading frame in genome segment 10 of Bluetongue virus. J Gen Virol. 2015;96(11):3280–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Studdert MJ, Pangborn J, Addison RB. Bluetongue virus structure. Virology. 1966;29:509–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun EC, Huang LP, Xu QY, Wang HX, Xue XM, Lu P, Li WJ, Liu W, Bu ZG, Wu DL. Emergence of a novel Bluetongue virus serotype, China 2014. Transboun Emerg Dis. 2016;63(6):585–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick WJ. Culicoides and the global epidemiology of Bluetongue virus infection. Vet Ital. 2004;40(3):145–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatem AJ, Baylis M, Mellor PS, Purse BV, Capela R, Pena I, Rogers DJ. Prediction of Bluetongue vector distribution in Europe and North Africa using satellite imagery. Vet Microbiol. 2003;97:13–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theiler A. Bluetongue in sheep. Ann Rept Dir Agric Transvaal. 1906;1904–1905:110–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tweedle N, Mellor PS. Technical review Bluetongue: the virus, hosts and vectors. Version 1.5. Report to the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety UK (DEFRA); 2002. 25 p. http://archive.defra.gov.

  • Velthuis AGJ, Velthuis AG, Saatkamp HW, Mourits MC, De Koeijer AA, Elbers AR. Financial consequences of the Dutch Bluetongue serotype 8 epidemics of 2006 and 2007. Prev Vet Med. 2010;93:294–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venter GJ, Hill E, Pajor IT, Nevill EM. The use of a membrane feeding technique to determine the infection rate of Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) for two Bluetongue virus serotypes in South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1991;63(4):315–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veronesi E, Darpel KE, Hamblin K, Carpenter S, Takamatsu HH, Anthony SJ, Elliott H, Mertens P, Mellor P. Viraemia and clinical disease in Dorset Poll sheep following vaccination with live attenuated Bluetongue virus vaccines serotypes 16 and 4. Vaccine. 2010;28(5):1397–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vervoerd DW. Purification and characterization of Bluetongue virus. Virology. 1969;38:203–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vervoerd DW. Diplornaviruses: a newly recognized group of double-stranded RNA viruses. Progr Med Virol. 1970;12:192–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verwoerd DW, Erasmus BJ. Bluetongue. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC, editors. Infectious diseases of livestock. 2nd Edition. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa; 2004. p. 1201–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade-Evans AM, Mertens PPC, Bostock CJ. Development of the polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Bluetongue virus in tissue samples. J Virol Methods. 1990;30:15–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walton TE. The history of Bluetongue and a current global overview. Vet Ital. 2004;40(3):31–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AJ, Mellor PS. Bluetongue in Europe: past, present and future. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009;364(1530):2669–81. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0091.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmann EJ, Baylis M. Review. Climate change: effects on Culicoides-transmitted viruses and implications for the UK. Vet J. 2000;160:107–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmann EJ, Mellor PS, Baylis M. Using climate data to map the potential distribution of Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Europe. Rev Sci Tech. 2001;20:731–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmann EJ, Mellor PS, Baylis M. Climate change: effects on Culicoides-transmitted viruses and implications for the UK. Vet J. 2002;16:147–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zientara S, Breard E, Sailleau C. Bluetongue: characterization of virus types by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Dev Biol (Basel). 2006;126:187–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zientara S, Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Höper D, Beer M, Jenckel M, Hoffmann B, Romey A, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Fablet A, Vitour D, Bréard E. Novel Bluetongue virus in goats, Corsica, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:2123–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy

    Stefano Cappai, Federica Loi & Sandro Rolesu

  2. Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Mario Forzan

  3. Laboratoire de virologie, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie (IRVT), Univérsité de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia

    Soufien Sghaier

  4. OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy

    Antonio Petrini, Giovanni Savini & Alessio Lorusso

Authors
  1. Stefano Cappai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mario Forzan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Federica Loi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sandro Rolesu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Soufien Sghaier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Antonio Petrini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Giovanni Savini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Alessio Lorusso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alessio Lorusso .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ecole Supérieure en Science de l’Aliment et des Industries Agro-Alimentaire, Algiers, Algeria; Laboratoire de Recherche «Santé et Productions Animales», Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d’Alger (ENSV), El-Alia, Algiers, Algeria

    Moustafa Kardjadj

  2. UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Montpellier University, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France, ISRA-LNERV, Dakar-Hann, Senegal

    Adama Diallo

  3. UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Montpellier University, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France

    Renaud Lancelot

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Cappai, S. et al. (2019). Bluetongue Disease. In: Kardjadj, M., Diallo, A., Lancelot, R. (eds) Transboundary Animal Diseases in Sahelian Africa and Connected Regions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25385-1_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation