Abstract
The economic dimension of stabilisation should not be underestimated, not in the least because better economic prospects are arguably the only way for the region to find sustainable stability. With this objective in mind, Western actors have tried to create the right political and governance conditions for a private sector to flourish and economic growth to happen—in line with their own liberal market views. That static approach is currently being challenged as new actors, in particular China and Gulf actors, are promoting a different model that emphasises economic instruments of stabilisation, including bilateral loans, investments by state-led companies and large construction projects—reflecting their views on economic development. As a consequence, it is in this realm that the differentiation between these ‘traditional’ and ‘new’ actors comes most to the fore.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Abo Alabass, Mohammed Bassem. “Gulf States Lend Sudan US$2 Billion to Boost Foreign Reserves.” Bloomberg, 20 July 2015.
Al-Mahmoud, Hamoud. “The War Economy in the Syrian Conflict: The Government’s Hands-Off Tactics.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. December 2015.
Berdal, Mats, and Achim Wennmann (eds.). Ending Wars, Consolidating Peace: Economic Perspectives. IISS, 2010.
Bukhari, Syed Waqas Haider. “The Role of China in Economic Stabilisation and Reconstruction of Afghanistan.” Margalla Papers, 2012.
Clarke, Colin P. “An Overview of Current Trends in Terrorism and Illicit Finance: Lessons from the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria and Other Emerging Threats.” Testimony Before the Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on Terrorism and Illicit Finance, United States House of Representatives, 7 September 2018.
Eaton, Tim. “Libya’s War Economy: Predation, Profiteering and State Weakness.” Chatham House, April 2018.
El-Katiri, Laura, and Bassam Fattouh. “A Brief Political Economy of Energy Subsidies in the Middle East and North Africa.” International Development Policy, vol. 1, (2017).
Economist Intelligence Unit. GCC Trade and Investment Flows, 2014.
Financial Times. “Hundreds of Sunken Ships in Iraq Waters,” 5 October 2004.
Georgy, Michael, and Stephan Kallin. “Gulf Arab Allies Pledge $12 Billion to Egypt at Summit.” Reuters, 13 March 2015.
Goodhand, Jonathan. “From War Economy to Peace Economy? Reconstruction and State Building in Afghanistan.” Journal of International Affairs, vol. 58, no. 1 (2004).
Gulf News. “Ethiopia Acquires 19% Stake in DP World Berbera Port,” 1 March 2018.
Gunter, Frank R. “Iraq’s Perfect Storm.” Foreign Policy Research Institute (2015).
Han, Aisha, and Rachel Rossi. “What Are the Implications of Expanded Chinese Investment in the MENA Region?” Atlantic Council, 10 August 2018.
Hatton, Celia. “China’s Secret Aid Empire Uncovered.” BBC News, 11 October 2017.
Huasheng, Zhao. “China and Afghanistan: China’s Interests, Stances and Perspectives.” CSIS, March 2012.
Isaac, Sally Khalifa. “Gulf Assistance Funds Post-2011: Allocation, Motivation and Influence.” IEMED, 2015.
Kantack, Jacqulyn Meyer. “The Gulf Contest for the Horn of Africa.” Critical Threats, 26 September 2017.
Keen, David. “The Economic Functions of Violence in Civil Wars.” Adelphi Paper No. 319. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
Malik, Adeel, and Bassem Awadallah. “The Economics of the Arab Spring.” CSAE Working Paper WPS/2011–23, Oxford and Jeddah, December 2011.
Manek, Nizar. “U.A.E. Military Base in Breakaway Somaliland Seen Open by June.” Bloomberg, 6 November 2018.
Marks, Jesse. “In the Competition over Syria’s Reconstruction, China Is the Likely Winner.” Defense One, 2 March 2018.
Meester, Jos, Willem van den Berg, and Harry Verhoeven. “Riyal Politik: The Political Economy of Gulf Investments in the Horn of Africa.” Netherlands Institute of International Relations “Clingendael”, April 2018.
Middle East Monitor. “China Is Largest Foreign Investor in Middle East,” 24 July 2017.
Mitchell, Charlie. “DP World Launches $442m Port Expansion in Somaliland.” The National, 11 October 2018.
OECD. “Egypt: Anti-corruption.” Business Climate Development Strategy, December 2009.
Plaut, Martin. 2016. Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa’s Most Repressive State. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ramachandran, Sudha. “Is China Bringing Peace to Afghanistan?” The Diplomat, 20 June 2018.
Reuters. “China Denies Planning Military Base in Afghanistan,” 29 August 2018a.
Reuters. “China’s Xi Pledges $20 Billion in Loans to Revive Middle East,” 10 July 2018b.
Reuters. “UPDATE 1-Sudan in Talks with Saudi Arabia on Five-year Oil Aid Agreement.” 7 May 2018c.
Reuters. “Sudan Central Bank Receives $1.4 bln Deposit from UAE-SUNA,” 13 March 2018d.
Rubin, Barnett R. “The Political Economy of War and Peace in Afghanistan.” World Development, vol. 28, no. 10 (2000): 1789–1803.
Skaperdas, Stergios. “The Political Economy of Organized Crime: Providing Protection When the State Does Not,” 2001.
Stewart, Frances (ed.). Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
Sudan Tribune. “Saudi Arabia Gives Sudan US$5 Billion in Military Aid,” Sudan Tribune, 23 February 2016.
Talani, Leila. The Arab Spring in the Global Political Economy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
The Economist. “The Ambitious United Arab Emirates,” 6 April 2017.
The Guardian. “Why Has Sudan Ditched Iran in Favour of Saudi Arabia?” The Guardian, 12 January 2016.
The Gulf Today. “UAE Plays Key Role in Sudan Economy,” 14 March 2018.
Van Genugten, Saskia. “The MENA Youth Conundrum: Generating Productivity, Preventing Disillusionment.” Emirates Diplomatic Academy Insight, September 2016.
Watanabe, L. “Gulf States’ Engagement in North Africa: The Role of Foreign Aid.” In Khalid S. Almezaini and Jean-Marc Rickli (eds.), The Small Gulf States: Foreign and Security Policies Before and After the Arab Spring, 168–181. New York: Routledge, 2017.
Williams, Phil. “Criminals, Militias, and Insurgents: Organized Crime in Iraq.” Strategic Studies Institute, 2009.
World Bank Group. “Inequality, Uprisings, and Conflict in the Arab World.” MENA Economic Monitor, October 2015.
World Bank Group. “Middle East and North Africa: Public Employment and Governance in MENA,” May 2016.
World Maritime News. “DP World Wins 30-Year Concession for Somaliland Port.” World Maritime News, 5 September 2016.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Consortia
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
van Genugten, S., with Neil Quilliam. (2020). Economic Stabilisation of the MENA Region: ‘Old’ vs. ‘New’ Actors. In: Gervais, V., van Genugten, S. (eds) Stabilising the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa. Middle East Today. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25229-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25229-8_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-25228-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-25229-8
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)