Skip to main content

Economic Stabilisation of the MENA Region: ‘Old’ vs. ‘New’ Actors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Stabilising the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa

Part of the book series: Middle East Today ((MIET))

  • 386 Accesses

Abstract

The economic dimension of stabilisation should not be underestimated, not in the least because better economic prospects are arguably the only way for the region to find sustainable stability. With this objective in mind, Western actors have tried to create the right political and governance conditions for a private sector to flourish and economic growth to happen—in line with their own liberal market views. That static approach is currently being challenged as new actors, in particular China and Gulf actors, are promoting a different model that emphasises economic instruments of stabilisation, including bilateral loans, investments by state-led companies and large construction projects—reflecting their views on economic development. As a consequence, it is in this realm that the differentiation between these ‘traditional’ and ‘new’ actors comes most to the fore.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Abo Alabass, Mohammed Bassem. “Gulf States Lend Sudan US$2 Billion to Boost Foreign Reserves.” Bloomberg, 20 July 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Mahmoud, Hamoud. “The War Economy in the Syrian Conflict: The Government’s Hands-Off Tactics.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. December 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berdal, Mats, and Achim Wennmann (eds.). Ending Wars, Consolidating Peace: Economic Perspectives. IISS, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bukhari, Syed Waqas Haider. “The Role of China in Economic Stabilisation and Reconstruction of Afghanistan.” Margalla Papers, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, Colin P. “An Overview of Current Trends in Terrorism and Illicit Finance: Lessons from the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria and Other Emerging Threats.” Testimony Before the Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on Terrorism and Illicit Finance, United States House of Representatives, 7 September 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, Tim. “Libya’s War Economy: Predation, Profiteering and State Weakness.” Chatham House, April 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Katiri, Laura, and Bassam Fattouh. “A Brief Political Economy of Energy Subsidies in the Middle East and North Africa.” International Development Policy, vol. 1, (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Economist Intelligence Unit. GCC Trade and Investment Flows, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Financial Times. “Hundreds of Sunken Ships in Iraq Waters,” 5 October 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgy, Michael, and Stephan Kallin. “Gulf Arab Allies Pledge $12 Billion to Egypt at Summit.” Reuters, 13 March 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodhand, Jonathan. “From War Economy to Peace Economy? Reconstruction and State Building in Afghanistan.” Journal of International Affairs, vol. 58, no. 1 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulf News. “Ethiopia Acquires 19% Stake in DP World Berbera Port,” 1 March 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunter, Frank R. “Iraq’s Perfect Storm.” Foreign Policy Research Institute (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, Aisha, and Rachel Rossi. “What Are the Implications of Expanded Chinese Investment in the MENA Region?” Atlantic Council, 10 August 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatton, Celia. “China’s Secret Aid Empire Uncovered.” BBC News, 11 October 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huasheng, Zhao. “China and Afghanistan: China’s Interests, Stances and Perspectives.” CSIS, March 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, Sally Khalifa. “Gulf Assistance Funds Post-2011: Allocation, Motivation and Influence.” IEMED, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantack, Jacqulyn Meyer. “The Gulf Contest for the Horn of Africa.” Critical Threats, 26 September 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keen, David. “The Economic Functions of Violence in Civil Wars.” Adelphi Paper No. 319. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik, Adeel, and Bassem Awadallah. “The Economics of the Arab Spring.” CSAE Working Paper WPS/2011–23, Oxford and Jeddah, December 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manek, Nizar. “U.A.E. Military Base in Breakaway Somaliland Seen Open by June.” Bloomberg, 6 November 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, Jesse. “In the Competition over Syria’s Reconstruction, China Is the Likely Winner.” Defense One, 2 March 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meester, Jos, Willem van den Berg, and Harry Verhoeven. “Riyal Politik: The Political Economy of Gulf Investments in the Horn of Africa.” Netherlands Institute of International Relations “Clingendael”, April 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Middle East Monitor. “China Is Largest Foreign Investor in Middle East,” 24 July 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, Charlie. “DP World Launches $442m Port Expansion in Somaliland.” The National, 11 October 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. “Egypt: Anti-corruption.” Business Climate Development Strategy, December 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plaut, Martin. 2016. Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa’s Most Repressive State. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran, Sudha. “Is China Bringing Peace to Afghanistan?” The Diplomat, 20 June 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuters. “China Denies Planning Military Base in Afghanistan,” 29 August 2018a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuters. “China’s Xi Pledges $20 Billion in Loans to Revive Middle East,” 10 July 2018b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuters. “UPDATE 1-Sudan in Talks with Saudi Arabia on Five-year Oil Aid Agreement.” 7 May 2018c.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuters. “Sudan Central Bank Receives $1.4 bln Deposit from UAE-SUNA,” 13 March 2018d.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, Barnett R. “The Political Economy of War and Peace in Afghanistan.” World Development, vol. 28, no. 10 (2000): 1789–1803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skaperdas, Stergios. “The Political Economy of Organized Crime: Providing Protection When the State Does Not,” 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, Frances (ed.). Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudan Tribune. “Saudi Arabia Gives Sudan US$5 Billion in Military Aid,” Sudan Tribune, 23 February 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talani, Leila. The Arab Spring in the Global Political Economy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Economist. “The Ambitious United Arab Emirates,” 6 April 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Guardian. “Why Has Sudan Ditched Iran in Favour of Saudi Arabia?” The Guardian, 12 January 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Gulf Today. “UAE Plays Key Role in Sudan Economy,” 14 March 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Genugten, Saskia. “The MENA Youth Conundrum: Generating Productivity, Preventing Disillusionment.” Emirates Diplomatic Academy Insight, September 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, L. “Gulf States’ Engagement in North Africa: The Role of Foreign Aid.” In Khalid S. Almezaini and Jean-Marc Rickli (eds.), The Small Gulf States: Foreign and Security Policies Before and After the Arab Spring, 168–181. New York: Routledge, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Phil. “Criminals, Militias, and Insurgents: Organized Crime in Iraq.” Strategic Studies Institute, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank Group. “Inequality, Uprisings, and Conflict in the Arab World.” MENA Economic Monitor, October 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank Group. “Middle East and North Africa: Public Employment and Governance in MENA,” May 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Maritime News. “DP World Wins 30-Year Concession for Somaliland Port.” World Maritime News, 5 September 2016.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Consortia

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

van Genugten, S., with Neil Quilliam. (2020). Economic Stabilisation of the MENA Region: ‘Old’ vs. ‘New’ Actors. In: Gervais, V., van Genugten, S. (eds) Stabilising the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa. Middle East Today. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25229-8_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics