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Quality in Obesity Treatment pp 237–247Cite as

History of Metabolic/Bariatric Surgery and Evolution of Evidence

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Abstract

Metabolic surgery dates back to the late nineteenth century. First funded in 1975, the NIH-sponsored Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH) was the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) to use a metabolic surgery procedure as the intervention modality; it was also the first trial definitively to demonstrate the cardiovascular and life expectancy benefits of marked lipid reduction. In 1978, we defined metabolic surgery, “as the operative manipulation of a normal organ or organ system to achieve a biological result for a potential health gain.”

This chapter outlines the history of metabolic bariatric surgery; its known mechanisms of action; the progression of the mainstay bariatric procedures of jejunoileal bypass, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, vertical banded gastroplasty, biliopancreatic diversion, duodenal switch, and sleeve gastrectomy; and an overview of emerging and experimental operations. The evolution of evidence for weight loss efficacy, safety, and comorbidities resolution, in particular, that of type 2 diabetes, in outcomes data from meta-analyses, RCTs, and longitudinal studies, is reviewed.

In addition to striving for technical excellence, maximum benefits, and minimal complications, it is the obligation of the metabolic surgeon to obtain knowledge of the neurohormonal interactions our procedures elicit and, perhaps thereby, determine the basic etiology of the metabolic diseases we are treating so successfully.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Henry Buchwald

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  1. Henry Buchwald
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA

    John M. Morton

  2. Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Stacy A. Brethauer

  3. Vidant Medical Center, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA

    Eric J. DeMaria

  4. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public, National Center for Weight and Wellness, Washington, DC, USA

    Scott Kahan

  5. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Matthew M. Hutter

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Buchwald, H. (2019). History of Metabolic/Bariatric Surgery and Evolution of Evidence. In: Morton, J., Brethauer, S., DeMaria, E., Kahan, S., Hutter, M. (eds) Quality in Obesity Treatment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25173-4_24

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