Skip to main content

Vietnamese Contingents to the Western Front, 1915–1919

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Expeditionary Forces in the First World War
  • 243 Accesses

Abstract

The 100,000 troops that were raised in French Indochina included 19 battalions of Vietnamese, four of which were combat units that fought successfully, while others served either in direct support, often under fire or farther back in industry. Personal accounts and other records indicate the vast majority of the Vietnamese, despite claims to the contrary by anti-colonialist writers, were to varying degrees volunteers. The combat and frontline labor troops saw action on the Western front (in battles such as Verdun and Chemin-des-Dames) or in Macedonia. Some were convinced to stay beyond the armistice and make up for the French loss of manpower. When most returned home with transformed expectations, they faced poor compensation and frequent disappointment, generating a reservoir of seasoned recruits for the anti-colonial struggle.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

Archival Sources

Other Sources

  • Bach, Christian. The Fourth Division: Its Services and Achievements in the Great War, 1920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, Jean-Jacques. The Great War and the French People. Dover, NH: Berg, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouhier, Emmanuel. “Les Troupes Coloniales d’Indochine en 1914–1918.” In Les Troupes coloniales dans la Grande Guerre, edited by Claude Carlier and Guy Pedroncini, 69–81. Paris: Economica, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braudel, F., and E. Labrousse, eds. Histoire économique et sociale de la France, 1880–1950, Vol. 4. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1979–1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocheux, Pierre, ed. Histoire de l’Asie du Sud-Est: Révoltes, Réformes, Révolution. Lille, France: Presse Universitaire de Lille, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocheux, Pierre. Ho Chi Minh: A Biography. Translated by Claire Duiker. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocheux, Pierre, and Daniel Hémery. Indochine: La Colonisation Ambiguë, 1858–1954. Paris: Édition La Découverte, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buttinger, Joseph. Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol. 1. London: Pall Mall Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Can, François Bertrand with George Durrwell, Carnet de route d’un petite massouin cochinchinois: impressions et souvenirs de la Grand Guerre. Saigon: Imprimerie Albert Portail, 1916.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavalier, Albert. “Un état d’espirit nouveau: grave barrage, les ONS contre tirailleurs.” L’Opinion (November 8, 1918).

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, Winston. The Great War, 3 Vols. London: G. Newnes, 1933–1934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, Gary. Immigrant Workers in Industrial France. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Belleval, Bauduin. “La Piastre Indochinoise.” La Revue du Pacifique (January 1923): 426–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Bevoise, Ken. Agents of Apocalypse: Epidemic Disease in the Colonial Philippines. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duong van Giao. “L’Indochine Pendant la Guerre 1914–1918.” Thèse du Doctorat, Université de Paris, 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupâquier, Jacques. Histoire de la population française de 1914 à nos jours, Vol. 4. Paris: Presse Universitaire de France, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, Henri. “Les Militaires Indochinois au Service de la France, 1859–1939.” Thèse pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur de l’Université Paris IV. Paris: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Exposition Coloniale Internationale de Paris. Les Troupes Coloniales pendant la Guerre 1914–1918. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goscha, Christopher. Vietnam: A New History. New York: Basic Books, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gourou, Pierre . The Peasants of the Tonkin Delta: A Study of Human Geography. Translated by Richard Miller. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files, Inc., 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardach, Gerd. The First World War, 1914–1918. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huynh Kim Khanh. Vietnamese Communism, 1925–1945. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Journals de Marche et d’Operation du Bataillon Tirailleurs Indochinois (JMO).

    Google Scholar 

  • Khái Hưng, Gia Đình in Văn Xuôi Lãng Mạn Việt Nam, 1930–1954; reprint, Hà Nội, n.d.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laumonier, M. “Retour de France.” L’Impartial (April 27, 1919).

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Van Ho, Mireille. Des Vietnamiens Dans la Grande Guerre, 50 000 Recrues dans les usines Françaises. Paris: Vendémiaire Éditions, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magraw, Roger. A History of the French Working Class, 2 Vols. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquet, Jean. Lettres D’ Annamites: Lettres de Guerre, Lettres de Paix. Hanoi: Édition du Fleuve Rouge, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marr, David G. Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsal, François. “French Finance and the French Franc.” Foreign Affairs 5, no. 2 (January 1927): 189–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May, Glenn Anthony. Battle for Batangas: A Philippine Province at War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConnell, Scott. Leftward Journey: The Education of Vietnamese Students in France, 1919–1939. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, Gary. The Doughboys: America and the First World War. New York: Overlook Press, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merriman, John. A History of Modern Europe from the Renaissance to the Present. New York: W. W. Norton, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministère de Défense (France). “Louis Franchet d’Esperey, 1856–1942.” Chemins de Mémoire. Accessed December 10, 2018. http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/louis-franchet-desperey.

  • Ministère de Défense (France). “Maurice Sarrail, 1856–1929.” Chemins de Mémoire. Accessed December 10, 2018. http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/maurice-sarrail.

  • Mitchell, B. R. International Historical Statistics: Europe, 1750–1988. New York: Stockton Press, 1992.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mourroux, [No First Name]. Le Tirailleurs Indochinois – Le 7 e Bataillon Indochinois au front en 1917. Hanoi: Impimerie d’Extrême – Orient, 1919.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, Martin J. The Development of Capitalism in Colonial Indochina, 1870–1940. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neiberg, Michael S. The Second Battle of the Marne. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newmann, Brian F., ed. The U.S. Army in the World War I Era: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War I. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngo Vinh Long. Before the Revolution: The Vietnamese Peasants Under the French. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyễn Ái Quốc, La Procès de la Colonisation Française. Hanoi: Édition en Langues Étrangère, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phan Huy Chu. “Binh Che Chi.” In Lich Trieu Hien Chuong Loai Chi, Vol. 3. Translated by Phan Huy Giu, Trinh Dinh Ru, and Cao Huy Giu, 23–29. Hanoi: Nha Xuat Ban Khoa Hoc Xa Hoi, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popkin, Samuel L. The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn-Judge, Sophie. Ho Chi Minh: The Missing Years. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robequain, Charles. The Economic Development of French Indo-China. Translated by Isabel A. Ward. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarraut, Albert. La Mise en valeur des colonies françaises. Paris: Payot, 1923.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, James. The Moral Economy of the Peasants: Rebellions and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trần Văn Giàu. Giai Cấp Công Nhân, Sự Hình Thành và Sự Phát Triển của Nó từ Giai Cấp Tự Mình đến Giai Cấp Cho Mình, 2nd ed. Hanoi: Nhà Xuất Bản Sự Thật, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trần Xuân Mai. “La Voie d’Annamite.” La Paria, nos. 18–19 (September–October 1919).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vu-Hill, Kimloan. Coolies into Rebels: Impact of World War I on French Indochina. Paris: Les Indes Savante, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodside, Alexander Barton. Vietnam and the Chinese Model. Harvard Monograph 140. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Vu-Hill, K. (2019). Vietnamese Contingents to the Western Front, 1915–1919. In: Beyerchen, A., Sencer, E. (eds) Expeditionary Forces in the First World War. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25030-0_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25030-0_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-25029-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-25030-0

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics