Abstract
Miniaturization of sensors and hardware for enabling technologies such as wireless charging, energy harvesting, and low-power communications are foreseen to play an important role in the future of various industries ranging from manufacturing to automotive. These industries are projected to become mainly data-driven, as the data acquisition and manipulation capabilities are becoming the main competencies in these industries. Hence, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) emerges not only as a key paradigm for distributed control of actuators but also solidifies the need for capturing and processing data. In this chapter, we discuss the use of visible light communications (VLC) within the IIoT paradigm. VLC considers the use of light sources and photodetectors operating in the visible band of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., light-emitting diodes) for communication purposes. Since VLC works in the visible band, it does not further congest the already over-crowded radio frequency (RF) bands. VLC is also secure, RFÂ interference-free, low-cost, and energy efficient. Thus, it has been considered for utilization in many application areas such as intelligent transport systems, indoor localization, and communication in RF-sensitive zones. In this chapter, while discussing the advantages and limitations of using VLC in IIoT systems, we further explore the possible utilization of bi-directional LED to LED communication within this scope for very low-cost communication devices. Finally, we discuss current and possible future applications of VLC in the IIoT context, identifying the following as potential future applications: LED-Based IIoT sensor data transmissions, LED beaconing for localization and signaling, wearable VLC devices for safety, VLC for ubiquitous computing, VLC-supported augmented reality, VLC for smart farming, VLC-assisted energy load scheduling, VLC-supported industrial Internet of Underwater Things, VLC-offloaded telecom services, and VLC usage in the transportation industry.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Weyrich M, Ebert C (2016) Reference architectures for the internet of things. IEEE Softw 33(1):112–116
Atzori L, Iera A, Morabito G (2010) The internet of things: a survey. Comput Netw 54(15):2787–2805
Sethi P, Sarangi SR (2017) Internet of things: architectures, protocols, and applications. J Electr Comput Eng
MacDougall W (2014) Industrie 4.0: smart manufacturing for the future. Germany Trade & Invest
Demir KA, Cicibas H (2017) Industry 5.0 and a Critique of industry 4.0. In: 4th international management information systems conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 17–20 Oct 2017
Demir KA, CicibaĹź H (2018) The next industrial revolution: industry 5.0 and discussions on industry 4.0, industry 4.0 from the management information systems perspectives. Peter Lang Publishing Group
Industrial internet of things (IIoT) market analysis—by components (sensors, memory, processors, RFID); by end-use industry (manufacturing, transportation, energy, retail, healthcare, agriculture)—forecast (2016–2021)
Industrial internet of things (IIoT) market: by component (transmitter, memory, others); by industry verticals (energy, healthcare, transportation, others); by connectivity (wired, wireless, cellular, others); by geography—forecast (2018–2023)
Islim MS, Ferreira RX, He X, Xie E, Videv S, Viola S, Watson S, Bamiedakis N, Penty RV, White IH, Kelly AE, Gu E, Haas H, Dawson MD (2017) Towards 10 Gb/s orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based visible light communication using a GaN violet micro-LED. Photonics Res 5(2):A35–A43
Chen H, Xu Z (2018) OLED panel radiation pattern and its impact on VLC channel characteristics. IEEE Photon J 10(2):1–10
Sadeghi S, Kumar BG, Melikov R, Aria MM, Jalali HB, Nizamoglu S (2018) Quantum dot white LEDs with high luminous efficiency. Optica 5(7):793–802
Le NT, Hossain MA, Jang YM (2017) A survey of design and implementation for optical camera communication. Signal Process Image Commun 53:95–109
Liu X, Gong C, Li S, Xu Z (2016) Signal characterization and receiver design for visible light communication under weak illuminance. IEEE Commun Lett 20(7):1349–1352
Wang Z, Tsonev D, Videv S, Haas H (2015) On the design of a solar-panel receiver for optical wireless communications with simultaneous energy harvesting. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 33(8):1612–1623
Dockrill P (2016) The world’s first solar road has opened in France. Retrieved from https://www.sciencealert.com/the-world-s-first-solar-road-has-opened-in-france. Accessed on 27 Jan 2019
Watson B (2017) From light to bright: San Diego is building the world’s largest municipal internet of things. Retrieved from https://www.ge.com/reports/light-bright-san-diego-leads-way-future-smart-cities/. Accessed on 27 Jan 2019
Ottman DE (2011) ONR’S TechSolutions creating green ideas that light up ships and submarines. Retrieved From https://www.onr.navy.mil/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2011/Solid-State-SSL-Techsolutions.aspx. Accessed on 27 Jan 2019
Bian R, Tavakkolnia I, Haas H (2018) 10.2 Gb/s visible light communication with off-the-shelf LEDs. In: 2018 European conference on optical communication (ECOC). IEEE, pp 1–3
Ma H, Lampe L, Hranilovic S (2017) Hybrid visible light and power line communication for indoor multiuser downlink. IEEE/OSA J Opt Commun Netw 9(8):635–647
Jovicic A (2016) Qualcomm lumicast: a high accuracy indoor positioning system based on visible light communication. White Paper, April
Incipini L, Belli A, Palma L, Ballicchia M, Pierleoni P (2017) Sensing light with LEDs: performance evaluation for IoT applications. J Imagin 3(4):50
Wang Q, Zuniga M (2017) Passive sensing and communication using visible light: taxonomy, challenges and opportunities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.01331
Xu X, Shen Y, Yang J, Xu C, Shen G, Chen G, Ni Y (2017) PassiveVLC: enabling practical visible light backscatter communication for battery-free IoT applications. In: Proceedings of the 23rd annual international conference on mobile computing and networking. ACM, pp 180–192
Huang X, Wang Z, Shi J, Wang Y, Chi N (2015) 1.6 Gbit/s phosphorescent white LED-based VLC transmission using a cascaded pre-equalization circuit and a differential outputs PIN receiver. Opt Express 23(17):22034–22042
Li S, Huang B, Xu Z (2017) Experimental MIMO VLC systems using tricolor LED transmitters and receivers. In: Globecom workshops (GC Wkshps), 2017 IEEE, pp 1–6
Haigh PA, Ghassemlooy Z, Rajbhandari S, Papakonstantinou I, Popoola W (2014) Visible light communications: 170 Mb/s using an artificial neural network equalizer in a low bandwidth white light configuration. J Lightwave Technol 32(9):1807–1813
IEEE Standard Association (2011) IEEE Std. for local and metropolitan area networks-Part 15.7: short-range wireless optical communication using visible light. IEEE Computer Society
Berenguer PW, Schulz D, Hilt J, Hellwig P, Kleinpeter G, Fischer JK, Jungnickel V (2018) Optical wireless MIMO experiments in an industrial environment. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 36(1):185–193
Berenguer PW, Schulz D, Fischer JK, Jungnickel V (2017) Optical wireless communications in industrial production environments. In: Photonics conference (IPC), 2017 IEEE. IEEE, pp 125–126
Zhou T, Lee X, Chen L (2018) Temperature monitoring system based on hadoop and VLC. Procedia Comput Sci 131:1346–1354
Kim CM, Koh SJ (2018) Device management and data transport in IoT networks based on visible light communication. Sensors 18(8):2741. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18082741
Do TH, Yoo M (2016) An in-depth survey of visible light communication based positioning systems. Sensors 16(5):678. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16050678
https://www.bluejayeindhoven.nl/about-blue-jay/. Accessed on 5 Jan 2019
Ashok Hariharan VM, Parthiban R (2015) MINERPAD: a safety gadget for miners using visible light. In: 3rd international conference on advances in engineering sciences & applied mathematics, ICAESAM’2015
Fujimoto N, Mochizuki H (2013) 477 Mbit/s visible light transmission based on OOK-NRZ modulation using a single commercially available visible LED and a practical LED driver with a pre-emphasis circuit. In: The National fiber optic engineers conference. Optical Society of America, ppJTh2A–73. https://doi.org/10.1364/nfoec.2013.jth2a.73
Computing F (2015) The internet of things: extend the cloud to where the things are. Cisco White Paper. Retrieved from https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/solutions/trends/iot/docs/computing-overview.pdf. Accessed on 27 Jan 2019
Cahyadi WA, Kim YH, Chung YH, Ahn CJ (2016) Mobile phone camera-based indoor visible light communications with rotation compensation. IEEE Photon J 8(2):1–8
Pattison PM, Tsao JY, Brainard GC, Bugbee B (2018) LEDs for photons, physiology, and food. Nature 563(7732):493
Micu A (2017) BMW pledges to 100% renewable power by 2020, at COP23. Retrieved from https://www.zmescience.com/science/bmw-bonn-renewable-pledge/. Accessed on 27 Jan 2019
Kao CC, Lin YS, Wu GD, Huang CJ (2017) A comprehensive study on the internet of underwater things: applications, challenges, and channel models. Sensors 17(7):1477
Schmidt C (2018) New studies link cell phone radiation with cancer. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-studies-link-cell-phone-radiation-with-cancer/. Accessed on 27 Jan 2019
Fraga-Lamas P, Fernández-Caramés TM, Castedo L (2017) Towards the internet of smart trains: a review on industrial IoT-connected railways. Sensors 17(6):1457
Verkamp M (2018) Automotive functional safety and cybersecurity platform. Retrieved from https://blog.lhpes.com/cyber-security-demonstration-at-iotswc. Accessed on 27 Jan 2019
Demir KA, Turan B, Onel T, Ekin T, Demir S (2019) Ambient intelligence in business environments and internet of things transformation guidelines. In: Mahmood Z (eds) Guide to ambient intelligence in the IoT environment—principles, technologies and applications. Springer International Publishing
Cicibas H, Demir KA (2016) Integrating internet of things (IoT) into enterprises: socio-technical issues and guidelines. Yönetim Bilişim Sist Derg 1(3):105–117
Karunatilaka D, Zafar F, Kalavally V, Parthiban R (2015) LED-based indoor visible light communications: state of the art. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 17(3):1649–1678. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2015.2417576
Disclaimer and Acknowledgements
The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the author and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of any affiliated organization or government.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Turan, B., Demir, K.A., Soner, B., Ergen, S.C. (2019). Visible Light Communications in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). In: Mahmood, Z. (eds) The Internet of Things in the Industrial Sector. Computer Communications and Networks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24892-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24892-5_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24891-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-24892-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)