Abstract
In this chapter, Graves considers the lasting cultural influence of Joss Whedon’s Buffy the Vampire Slayer through the lens of textual genealogy, tracing contemporary intertextual and metatextual references to the show that situate BtVS as an enduring parent text. In particular, the chapter focuses on the close genealogical ties between BtVS and the long-running Supernatural, which strongly features not only a generic debt and a narrative structure that is directly influenced by BtVS, but also contains both a deep intertext with and myriad references to the Buffyverse. Additionally, an exploration of Supernatural’s extra- and paradiegetic expansions clearly situates Supernatural as a direct paratextual and transmedial analogue to Whedon’s show, further illustrating BtVS’s lasting significance.
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Notes
- 1.
“Buffy the Vampire Slayer Reunion: Exclusive Photos,” Entertainment Weekly, March 29, 2017. https://ew.com/tv/buffy-the-vampire-slayer-exclusive-portraits/.
- 2.
Dan Parent, “Betty and Veronica 261” (Pelham: Archie Comics, 2012).
- 3.
“Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Easter Egg—Spike’s Tomb,” The Easter Egg Archive, accessed March 11, 2018. http://www.eeggs.com/items/50169.html.
- 4.
“List of Pop Culture References in Warcraft/BC,” World of Warcraft Wiki, accessed March 11, 2018. http://et.worldofwarcraft.wikia.com/wiki/List_of_pop_culture_references_in_Warcraft/BC.
- 5.
Douglas Petrie, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Beneath You,” season 7, episode 2, directed by Nick Marck, aired October 1, 2002 (UPN).
- 6.
Charlaine Harris, Dead to the World (New York: Ace Books, 2004).
- 7.
Alan Ball, Showrunner, True Blood (New York: HBO Studios, 2008), DVD.
- 8.
Simon Pegg and Jessica Stevenson, Spaced, “Help,” season 2, episode 4, directed by Edgar Wright, aired March 23, 2001 (Channel 4).
- 9.
Matt Groening and James L. Brooks, “Rednecks and Broomsticks,” The Simpsons, season 21, episode 7, directed by Bob Anderson and Rob Oliver, aired November 29, 2009 (Fox).
- 10.
Ibid.
- 11.
Jeffrey Bussolini, “Television Intertextuality After Buffy: Intertextuality of Casting and Constitutive Intertextuality,” Slayage: The Journal of Whedon Studies 10, no. 1 (Winter 2013), par. 6, http://www.whedonstudies.tv/uploads/2/6/2/8/26288593/bussolini.slayage.10.1.pdf.
- 12.
Ibid.
- 13.
Quoted in Gwen Ihnat et al.,“A Slayer’s Legacy: 10 Pop Cultural Follow-Ups to Buffy” by AV Club, March 9, 2017, https://tv.avclub.com/a-slayer-s-legacy-10-pop-cultural-follow-ups-to-buffy-1798259112.
- 14.
Stacey Abbott, “Rabbits’ Feet and Spleen Juice: The Comic Strategies of TV Horror,” TV Goes to Hell: An Unofficial Road Map of Supernatural, ed. Stacey Abbott and David Lavery (Toronto: ECW Press, 2011), 4.
- 15.
Ibid.
- 16.
Dan Vebber, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “The Zeppo,” season 3, episode 13, directed by James Whitmore Jr., aired January 26, 1999 (WB).
- 17.
Jane Espenson, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Superstar,” season 4, episode 17, directed by David Grossman, aired April 4, 2000 (WB).
- 18.
David Fury, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Real Me,” season 5, episode 2, directed by David Grossman, aired October 3, 2000 (WB).
- 19.
Jane Espenson, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Storyteller,” season 7, episode 16, directed by Marita Grabiak, aired February 25, 2003 (UPN).
- 20.
Stacey Abbott, “Case Study: Buffy the Vampire Slayer,” in The Cult TV Book: From Star Trek to Dexter, New Approaches to TV Outside the Box (New York: Soft Skull Press, 2010), 101.
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
Ben Edlund, Supernatural, “Ghostfacers,” season 3, episode 13, directed by Phil Sgriccia, aired April 24, 2008 (CW).
- 23.
Andrew Dabb and Daniel Loflin, Supernatural, “Weekend at Bobby’s,” season 6, episode 4, directed by Jensen Ackles, aired October 15, 2010 (CW).
- 24.
Robbie Thompson, Supernatural, “Meta Fiction,” season 9, episode 18, directed by Thomas J. Wright, aired April 15, 2014 (CW).
- 25.
Robbie Thompson, Supernatural, “Baby,” season 11, episode 4, directed by Thomas J. Wright, aired October 28, 2015 (CW).
- 26.
Davy Perez, Supernatural, “Stuck in the Middle (With You),” season 12, episode 12, directed by Richard Speight Jr., aired February 16, 2017 (CW).
- 27.
Todd VanDerWerff and Caroline Framke, “How Buffy the Vampire Slayer Transformed TV as We Know It,” Vox, March 10, 2017, https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/3/10/14857542/buffy-the-vampire-slayer-explained-tv-influence.
- 28.
David Simmons, “‘There’s a Ton of Lore on Unicorns Too’: Postmodernist Micro-Narratives and Supernatural,” in TV Goes to Hell: An Unofficial Road Map of Supernatural, ed. Stacey Abbott and David Lavery (Toronto: ECW Press, 2011), 133.
- 29.
David Kociemba, “From Beneath You, It Foreshadows: Why Buffy’s First Season Matters,” in Reading Joss Whedon, ed. Rhonda V. Wilcox, Tanya R. Cochran, Cynthea Masson and David Lavery (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2014), 23.
- 30.
Sevenpoints, “Buffy vs. Supernatural: A Comparison,” 2011, http://sevenpoints.tumblr.com/post/3326793884. Emphasis mine.
- 31.
Ibid.
- 32.
Ibid., emphasis mine.
- 33.
Jason Mittell, Complex TV: The Poetics of Contemporary Storytelling (New York: NYU Press, 2015), 261.
- 34.
Cathryn Humphris, Supernatural, “Sex and Violence,” season 4, episode 14, directed by Charles Beeson, aired February 5, 2009 (CW).
- 35.
Marti Noxon, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “I Only Have Eyes for You,” season 2, episode 19, directed by James Whitmore Jr., aired April 28, 1998 (WB).
- 36.
Supernatural , “Weekend at Bobby’s.”
- 37.
Dan Vebber, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “The Zeppo,” season 3, episode 13, directed by James Whitmore Jr., aired January 26, 1999 (WB).
- 38.
Joss Whedon, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Doppelgangland,” directed by Joss Whedon, season 3, episode 16, aired February 23, 1999 (WB).
- 39.
Ben Edlund, Supernatural, “The End,” season 5, episode 4, directed by Steve Boyum, aired October 1, 2009 (CW).
- 40.
Tracey Forbes, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Something Blue,” season 4, episode 9, directed by Nick Merck, aired November 30, 1999 (WB).
- 41.
Andrew Dabb and Daniel Loflin, Supernatural, “Season Seven, Time for a Wedding,” season 7, episode 8, directed by Tim Andrew, aired November 11, 2011 (CW).
- 42.
Ben Edlund and Lou Bollo, Supernatural, “Wishful Thinking,” season 4, episode 8, directed by Robert Singer, aired November 6, 2008 (CW).
- 43.
Catherine Humphris and Sera Gamble, Supernatural, “Dream a Little Dream,” season 3, episode 10, directed by Steve Boyum, aired February 7, 2008 (CW).
- 44.
Joss Whedon, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Restless,” season 4, episode 22, directed by Joss Whedon, aired May 23, 2000 (WB).
- 45.
Cathryn Humphris and Sera Gamble, Supernatural, “Dream a Little Dream of Me,” season 3, episode 10, directed by Steve Boyum, aired February 7, 2008 (CW).
- 46.
Andrew Dabb and Daniel Loflin, Supernatural, “Sam, Interrupted,” season 5, episode 11, directed by James L. Conway, aired January 21, 2010 (CW).
- 47.
Diego Gutierrez, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Normal Again,” season 6, episode 17, directed by Rick Rosenthal, aired March 12, 2002 (UPN).
- 48.
Sera Gamble and Lou Bollo, Supernatural, “Are You There, God? It’s Me, Dean Winchester,” season 4, episode 2, directed by Phil Sgriccia, aired September 25, 2008 (CW).
- 49.
Jane Espenson and Drew Goddard, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Conversations with Dead People,” season 7, episode 7, directed by Nick Marck, aired November 12, 2002 (UPN).
- 50.
Robert Tappert and John Schullian, Xena: Warrior Princess, “The Bitter Suite,” season 3, episode 12, directed by Oley Sassone, aired February 2, 1998 (syndication).
- 51.
Raf Green and Kenneth Biller, Star Trek : Voyager, “Virtuoso,” season 6, episode 13, directed by Les Landau, aired January 26, 2000 (UPN).
- 52.
Joss Whedon, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Once More with Feeling,” season 6, episode 7, directed by Joss Whedon, aired November 6, 2001 (UPN).
- 53.
Robbie Thompson, Supernatural, “Fan Fiction,” season 10, episode 5, directed by Phil Sgriccia, aired November 11, 2014 (CW).
- 54.
Trey Callaway, Supernatural, “Hell House,” season 1, episode 17, directed by Chris Long, aired March 30, 2006 (WB).
- 55.
Andrew Dabb, Supernatural, “Bloodlines,” season 9, episode 20, directed by Robert Singer, aired April 29, 2014 (CW).
- 56.
Ben Acker and Ben Blacker, Supernatural, “The Mentalists,” season 7, episode 7, directed by Mike Rohl, aired November 4, 2011 (CW).
- 57.
Ty King, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Passion,” season 2, episode 17, directed by Michael E. Gershman, aired February 24, 1998 (WB).
- 58.
Brad Buckner and Eugenie Ross-Leming, Supernatural, “LOTUS,” season 12, episode 08, directed by Phil Sgriccia, aired December. 8, 2016 (CW).
- 59.
Jeremy Adams and Jim Krieg, Supernatural, “Scoobynatural,” season 13, episode 16, directed by Robert Singer, aired March 29, 2018 (CW).
- 60.
Joss Whedon, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “The Gift,” season 5, episode 22, directed by Joss Whedon, aired May 22, 2001 (WB).
- 61.
Phil Klemmer and Dayna Lynne North, Veronica Mars, “My Mother, the Fiend,” season 2, episode 9, directed by Nick Marck, aired November 30, 2005 (UPN).
- 62.
It is worth mentioning that in Veronica Mars, Whedon himself had a cameo as a disgruntled rental-car agent in “Rat Saw God” (2.06), and that “My Mother, the Fiend” was directed by Nick Marck, who also directed several BtVS episodes including “Fool for Love,” Something Blue,” “Beneath You,” and “Conversations with Dead People.”
- 63.
Sera Gamble and Raelle Tucker, Supernatural, “Dead in the Water,” season 1, episode 3, directed by Kim Manners, aired September 27, 2005 (WB).
- 64.
Sera Gamble and Raelle Tucker, Supernatural, “Faith,” season 1, episode 12, directed by Allan Kroeker, aired January 17, 2006 (WB).
- 65.
Brad Buckner and Eugenie Ross-Leming, Supernatural, “Shut Up, Dr. Phil,” season 7, episode 5, directed by Phil Sgriccia, aired October 21, 2011 (CW).
- 66.
John Fiske, Television Culture (London: Routledge, 1987), 8–9.
- 67.
Bussolini, par. 54; par. 21.
- 68.
Bill Callahan and James Roday, Psych, “Dual Spires,” season 5, episode 12, directed by Matt Shakman, aired December 1, 2010 (USA).
- 69.
Matt Hills, Fan Cultures (London: Routledge, 2002), 104.
- 70.
Buckman’s framing of this phenomenon has shifted, and within the Whedonverse, she now terms the reuse of an ensemble as “intra-arterial casting,” emphasizing Whedon as the connective force rather than the diegesis; I use her older framework here in order to privilege the power of the interconnected narrative instead, but I thank Buckman immensely for sharing her insight with me.
- 71.
Casey J. McCormick, “Active Fandom: Labor and Love in the Whedonverse,” in A Companion to Media Fandom and Fan Studies, ed. Paul Booth (Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell, 2018), 371.
- 72.
For a further discussion of ensemble intertext, see K. Brenna Wardell, “‘Actors Assemble!’ The Intertextual Pleasure of the Joss Whedon Ensemble,” Slayage: The Journal of Whedon Studies 12, no. 2 (Summer 2016), http://www.whedonstudies.tv/uploads/2/6/2/8/26288593/wardell_slayage_14.2.pdf.
- 73.
Quoted in Mandy Bierly, “Buffy the Vampire Slayer 20th Anniversary: 20 Genre Show Producers Pay Tribute,” Yahoo! Entertainment, March 10, 2017, https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/buffy-vampire-slayer-20th-anniversary-slideshow-wp-141515881.html.
- 74.
Eric Kripke and Brett Matthews, Supernatural, “Live Free or Twihard,” season 6, episode 5, directed by Rod Hardy, aired October 22, 2010 (WB).
- 75.
Ben Edlund, “Ben Edlund Reveals Lessons from Joss Whedon, Supernatural Spoilers (Video),” Whedonverse Network, August 1, 2009, http://www.whedonverse.net/features/interviews/ben-edlund-reveals-lessons-from-joss-whedon-supernatural-spoilers/.
- 76.
Ben Edlund, Supernatural, “Hollywood Babylon,” season 2, episode 18, directed by Phil Sgriccia, aired April 19, 2007 (CW).
- 77.
Ben Edlund, Supernatural, “Monster Movie,” season 4, episode 5, directed by Robert Singer, aired October 16, 2008 (CW).
- 78.
Ben Edlund, Supernatural, “The French Mistake,” season 6, episode 15, directed by Charles Beeson, aired February 25, 2011 (CW).
- 79.
Ben Edlund, Firefly , “Jaynestown,” season 1, episode 7, directed by Marita Grabiak, aired October 18, 2002 (Fox).
- 80.
Ben Edlund, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Life of the Party,” season 5, episode 5, directed by Bill L. Norton, aired October 29, 2003 (WB).
- 81.
Ben Edlund, Angel , “Smile Time,” season 5, episode 14, directed by Ben Edlund, aired February 18, 2004 (WB).
- 82.
Supernatural, “Wishful Thinking.”
- 83.
Jeremy Carver, Supernatural, “Changing Channels,” season 5, episode 8, directed by Charles Beeson, aired November 5, 2009 (CW).
- 84.
James Francis, Jr., “‘That’s So Gay’: Drag, Camp, and the Power of Storytelling in Supernatural,” in TV Goes to Hell: An Unofficial Road Map of Supernatural, ed. Stacey Abbott and David Lavery (Toronto: ECW Press, 2011), 128.
- 85.
Karen Petruska, “Network Transition, Critical Reception, and Supernatural Longevity,” in TV Goes to Hell: An Unofficial Road Map of Supernatural, ed. Stacey Abbott and David Lavery (Toronto: ECW Press, 2011), 221–222.
- 86.
For an in-depth exploration of Kantian ethics in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, see Scott R. Stroud’s essay “A Kantian Analysis of Moral Judgement in Buffy the Vampire Slayer” in the collection Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Philosophy: Fear and Trembling in Sunnydale, ed. James B. South and William Irwin (Open Court, 2003).
- 87.
Rhonda V. Wilcox, “Smoking the Hat: Fred/Illyria in Angel and Juliette/Eve in Grimm” (presented at SCW8: The Slayage Conference on the Whedonverses 2018, Florence, AL, June 24, 2018).
- 88.
Rhonda V. Wilcox, “‘You Haven’t Named Her Yet?’: Diana as Demon Child in Television’s Grimm” (presented at 2018 Popular Culture Association in the South Conference, New Orleans, LA, October 5, 2018).
- 89.
Nathan Stout, “Are Monsters Members of the Moral Community?” in Supernatural and Philosophy: Metaphysics and Monsters… for Idjits, ed. Galen A. Foresman (Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, 2013), 7.
- 90.
Eric Charmelo and Nicole Snyder, Supernatural, “Mannequin 3: The Reckoning,” season 6, episode 14, directed by Jeannot Szwarc, aired February 18, 2011 (CW).
- 91.
Matt Kiene and Joe Reinkemeyer, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Inca Mummy Girl,” season 2, episode 4, directed by Ellen S. Pressman, aired October 6, 1997 (WB).
- 92.
Stacey Abbott, “Then: The Road So Far,” in TV Goes to Hell: An Unofficial Road Map of Supernatural, ed. Stacey Abbott and David Lavery (Toronto: ECW Press, 2011), xi–xiii.
- 93.
Jes Battis, Blood Relations: Chosen Families in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005), 13.
- 94.
Agnes B. Curry and Josef Velaquez, “‘Just a Family Legend’: The Hidden Logic of Buffy’s ‘Chosen Family’,” in Buffy Goes Dark: Essays on the Final Two Seasons of Buffy the Vampire Slayer on Television, ed. Lynne Y. Edwards, Elizabeth L. Rambo and James B. South (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008), 146–147.
- 95.
Ibid., 147.
- 96.
Eric Kripke, Supernatural , “No Rest for the Wicked,” season 3, episode 16, directed by Kim Manners, aired May 15, 2008 (CW).
- 97.
David Lavery, Joss Whedon: A Creative Portrait (London: I.B. Tauris, 2015), 182–201.
- 98.
Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide (New York: NYU Press, 2006), 95.
- 99.
Ibid., 20–21.
- 100.
Jenkins, “Transmedia Storytelling 101,” Confessions of an Aca-Fan, March 21, 2007, http://henryjenkins.org/blog/2007/03/transmedia_storytelling_101.html.
- 101.
Mary Kirby-Diaz, “Ficcers and ‘Shippers: A Love Story,” in Fan Phenomena: Buffy the Vampire Slayer, ed. Jennifer K. Stuller (Chicago: Intellect, 2013), 39.
- 102.
Ibid.
- 103.
Henry Jenkins, “The Reign of the ‘Mothership’: Transmedia’s Past, Present, and Possible Futures,” in Wired TV: Laboring over an Interactive Future, ed. Denise Mann (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2014), 246.
- 104.
Jonathan Gray, Show Sold Separately: Promos, Spoilers, and Other Media Paratexts (New York: NYU Press, 2010), 25, 23.
- 105.
Mittell, 261.
- 106.
Christopher Golden and Nancy Holder, The Watcher’s Guide (New York: Pocket Books, 1998); Nancy Holder, Jeff Mariotte, and Maryelizabeth Hart, The Watcher’s Guide: Volume 2 (New York: Simon Spotlight, 2000); Paul Ruditis, The Watcher’s Guide: Volume 3 (New York: Gallery, 2004).
- 107.
Christopher Golden and Nancy Holder, Sunnydale High Yearbook (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999).
- 108.
Ibid., 36–41.
- 109.
Nicholas Knight, Supernatural: The Official Companion (London: Titan, 2007).
- 110.
Alex Irvine, John Winchester’s Journal (New York: William Morrow, 2009).
- 111.
Christopher Golden and Nancy Holder, Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Halloween Rain (New York: Pocket, 1997).
- 112.
Keith R. A. DeCandido, Supernatural: Nevermore (New York: Harper, 2007).
- 113.
Robert Joseph Levy, Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Suicide King (New York: Simon Spotlight, 2005).
- 114.
Tim Waggoner, Supernatural: The Roads Not Taken (San Rafael, CA: Insight, 2013).
- 115.
Mittell, 298.
- 116.
Christopher Golden and Dan Brereton, Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Omnibus (Milwaukie, OR: Dark Horse, 1999).
- 117.
Daniel Lynch, “Between the Network and the Narrative: Transmedia Storytelling as a Philosophical Lens for Creative Writers,” New Writing 13, no. 2 (2016): 162.
- 118.
Ed Sheeran, “Afire Love,” X (Atlantic Records, 2014).
- 119.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Passion.”
- 120.
Lesley Goldberg, “‘Buffy the Vampire Slayer’ Inclusive Reboot in the Works with Joss Whedon,” The Hollywood Reporter, July 20, 2018, https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/buffy-vampire-slayer-reboot-inclusive-take-joss-whedon-works-1128888.
- 121.
Rhonda Wilcox, Why Buffy Matters: The Art of Buffy the Vampire Slayer (London: I.B. Tauris, 2005), 13.
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Graves, S.A. (2019). The Transtextual Road Trip: Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Supernatural, and Televisual Forebears. In: Kitchens, J., Hawk, J. (eds) Transmediating the Whedonverse(s). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24616-7_8
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