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Spilling Blood: Conflict and Culture over Animal Slaughter in Mongol Eurasia

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Book cover Animals and Human Society in Asia

Part of the book series: The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series ((PMAES))

Abstract

During several periods of the Mongol Empire, the issue of how animals were to be slaughtered became a key point of contention between the Mongol elite and their Muslim subjects. The traditional Mongol method of slaughter prevented blood from being spilled into the ground, while Islamic and Jewish methods did. Despite being an ostensibly small issue, it remained a source of anxiety for Muslims as they adapted to the new reality of Mongol Rule. Furthermore, and while the tensions between the Mongols and Muslims over animal slaughter is well documented, there is no indication of any other groups facing similar persecution. The question is thus whether the variances in animal slaughter created strain via religious differences or whether it was caused by cultural differences concerning the treatment of animals. Indeed, while the Mongols’ reputation for ferocity was merited, it is also easy to forget that they did not perceive their animals (of all sorts) in the same way as most sedentary groups.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Plano Carpini (1929, 47–48; 1980, 16).

  2. 2.

    Rubruck (2009, 79). Also see Rubruck (1980, 97; 1929, 176–177).

  3. 3.

    Polo (1958, 99; 1993, vol. 1, 252; 2001, 77; 2012, 92; 2015, 71; 2016, 56).

  4. 4.

    Polo (1958, 135–146; 2001, 115–128; 1993, vol. 1, 381–410; 2012, 143–151; 2015, 109–117; 2016, 77–86).

  5. 5.

    Grigor of Akanc (1949, 297) and Grigor of Aknerts’I (2017, §3).

  6. 6.

    Kirakos Gandzakets’i (2017, §26).

  7. 7.

    Wheeler (2012).

  8. 8.

    Francesca (2012).

  9. 9.

    Cook (1986, 260).

  10. 10.

    Wheeler (2012).

  11. 11.

    Francesca (2012).

  12. 12.

    Freidenreich (2011, 144).

  13. 13.

    Freidenreich (2011, 145).

  14. 14.

    Cleaves (1992, 67).

  15. 15.

    Juwaynī (1912, 163), Juvaini (1997, 206), and Cleaves (1992, 67, 72).

  16. 16.

    Atwood (2004a, 183), May (2009, 92).

  17. 17.

    Elverkskog (2010, 228–229) and Cleaves (1992, 67).

  18. 18.

    Juwaynī (1912, 149), Juvaini (1997, 189), Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 455), and Rashiduddin (1999, 313; 2012, 223).

  19. 19.

    Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 488) and Rashiduddin (1999, 335; 2012, 238).

  20. 20.

    Jūzjānī (1964–1965, 2, 152–157), Jūzjānī (1970, 2: 1007–1015), Juwaynī (1912, 161–163; 1997, 204–206), Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 489), and Rashiduddin (1999, 336; 2012, 238).

  21. 21.

    Juwaynī (1912, 226–227), Juvaini (1997, 271–272), and de Rachewiltz (2004, §242).

  22. 22.

    Juvaini (1997, 272) and Juwaynī (1916, 227).

  23. 23.

    Juvaini (1997, 272) and Juwaynī (1916, 227).

  24. 24.

    Juwaynī (1912, 158–191), Juvaini 1997, 201–135), Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 486–503), Rashiduddin (1999, 334–345; 2012, 237–245), Jūzjānī (1964–1965, 2: 151–158), Jūzjānī (1970, 1106–1115), and Elverskog (2010, 236–237).

  25. 25.

    Cleaves (1992, 69), Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 654), and Rashiduddin (1999, 451; 2012, 319).

  26. 26.

    Cleaves (1992, 73).

  27. 27.

    Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 654), Rashiduddin (1999, 451; 2012, 319); Cleaves (1992, 72–73), Polo (1958, 135; 1993, 1: 420; 2001, 134; 2012, 163; 2015, 108; 2016) (Kinoshita’s translation based on manuscript F), does not include this passage.

  28. 28.

    For more on Aḥmad Fanākatī, see Franke (1993, 539–557).

  29. 29.

    Polo (1958, 134–135; 1993, 1: 420; 2001, 133–134; 2012, 163; 2015, 108).

  30. 30.

    Franke (1993, 249).

  31. 31.

    Cleaves (1992, 67).

  32. 32.

    Rossabi (2009, 201).

  33. 33.

    Rossabi (2009, 131–141).

  34. 34.

    Polo (2015, 93; 1958, 119; 2001, 103; 1993, 2012, 2016) do not include this passage.

  35. 35.

    Rossabi (2009, 13) and Jackson (2017, 299–300).

  36. 36.

    Rossabi (2009, 117).

  37. 37.

    Rossabi (2009, 202–203). For more on Sayyid Ajall, see Franke (1993, 466–479).

  38. 38.

    Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 659–660), Rashidduin (1999, 455–456; 2012, 317).

  39. 39.

    Jūzjānī (1964–1965, 173–175), Jūzjānī (1970, 1160–1164), Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 570), and Rashiduddin (1999, 394; 2012, 279).

  40. 40.

    Juwaynī (1912, 214), Juvaini (1997, 259), Rashiduddin (2012, 281), Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 573–574), Rashiduddin (1999, 396), Plano Carpini (1929, 43), Plano Carpini (1980, 68), Bar Hebraeus (1932, 411), Jūzjānī (1964–1965, vol. 2, 171), Jūzjānī (1970, 1157), and Jackson (2005, 270).

  41. 41.

    Jūzjānī (1964–1965, 2:176) and Jūzānī (1970, 1172–1173).

  42. 42.

    Jackson (2005, 269). For Berke, also see Rubruc (1929, 209), Rubruck (Rubruck 1980, 124; 2009, 127), Richard (1967, 173–184), Vasary (1990, 320–352), and DeWeese (1994, 83–86).

  43. 43.

    Jūzjānī (1964–1965, 2: 179) and Jūzjānī (1970, 1181–1182).

  44. 44.

    Juwaynī (1937, 38), Juvaini (1997, 573), Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 586), and Rashiduddin (1999, 404–405; 2012, 286–287).

  45. 45.

    Ayalon (1971, 119).

  46. 46.

    Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 586) and Rashiduddin (1999, 404; 2012, 286).

  47. 47.

    Allsen (1987, 34–44).

  48. 48.

    Cleaves (1955, 357–421).

  49. 49.

    Juwaynī (1912, 149), Juvaini (1997, 189), Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 488), and Rashiduddin (1999, 335; 2012, 238).

  50. 50.

    De Rachewiltz (2004, §249), Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 427), Rashiduddin (1999, 289–290; 2012, 197), and He Qiutao (1985, 39).

  51. 51.

    De Rachewiltz (2004, §268), He Qiutao (1985, 53), Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 433), and Rashiduddin (1999, 292; 2012, 199).

  52. 52.

    Cleaves (1992, 73).

  53. 53.

    Polo (2012, 163; 2015, 108; 1958, 134–135; 2001, 133–134; 1993, 1: 420).

  54. 54.

    Knapp 2019; Tao (2007, 540–541).

  55. 55.

    Jørgensen (2013, 436).

  56. 56.

    Judd (2003, 117).

  57. 57.

    Rubruck (1980, 110), Rubruck (2009, 102), and Rubruc (1929, 192).

  58. 58.

    Freidenreich (2012, 148–149).

  59. 59.

    Freidenreich (2012, 148–149).

  60. 60.

    Freidenreich (2012, 149).

  61. 61.

    Goossaert (2005, 9–10).

  62. 62.

    Knapp 2019.

  63. 63.

    Elverskog (2010, 242) and Clavijo (1928, 223).

  64. 64.

    Elverskog (2010, 251–254) and Riasonovsky (1965, 149).

  65. 65.

    Hurcha (1999, 49).

  66. 66.

    Plano Carpini (1980, 25) and Plano Carpini (1929, 63–64).

  67. 67.

    Tatár (1984, 324).

  68. 68.

    Plano Carpini (1929, 41), Plano Carpini (1980, 12), Banzarov (1981–1982, 65), and Heissig (1970, 101–103). Marco Polo refers to Etügen as Nachigai, which may be a corruption or perhaps a variant of Etügen, although Polo appears to have some confusion over this deity. See Polo (1958, 98, 329; 1993, 1: 257, 2: 479; 2001, 78, 286; 2012, 344; 2015, 72, 322–323; 2016, 56, 217).

  69. 69.

    De Rachewiltz (2004, 368) and Köprülü (1940, 15–23).

  70. 70.

    Rinchen (1977, 175–176), Sárközi (2008, 467), and Even 1991, 185.

  71. 71.

    Sárközi (2008, 469).

  72. 72.

    Golden (1998, 196).

  73. 73.

    Bese (1986, 241–248) and Humphrey and Onon (1996, 147).

  74. 74.

    Bese (1986, 245).

  75. 75.

    De Rachewiltz (2004, §43, 44).

  76. 76.

    Judd (2003, 117–150) and Daniel et al. (2016, 376).

  77. 77.

    Classen (2012, 112).

  78. 78.

    Perlos (2009, 37).

  79. 79.

    Perlos (2009, 28).

  80. 80.

    Juwaynī (1912, 163) and Juvaini (1997, 206).

  81. 81.

    Juwaynī (1912, 163) and Juvaini (1997, 206–207).

  82. 82.

    Juwaynī (1912, 227) and Juvaini (1997, 272).

  83. 83.

    Plano Carpini (1929, 32–33), Plano Carpini (1980, 6–7), Rubruck (1980, 101–102), Rubruck (2009, 88), and Rubruc 1929, 183–184).

  84. 84.

    Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 488) and Rashiduddin 1999, 335; 2012, 238).

  85. 85.

    Zhambalova (2013, 137).

  86. 86.

    Ayalon (1971, 118).

  87. 87.

    Lee (2016, 1–25).

  88. 88.

    Knapp 2019.

  89. 89.

    Aigle (2014, 303).

  90. 90.

    Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 488) and Rashiduddin (1998, 335; 2012, 238).

  91. 91.

    Plano Carpini (1929, 43), Plano Carpini (1980, 68), Juwaynī (1912, 214), Juvaini (1997, 259), Rashiduddin (2012, 281), Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 573–574), Rashiduddin (1998, 396), Jūzjānī (1964–1965, vol. 2, 171), and Jūzjānī (1970, 1157).

  92. 92.

    Juwaynī (1912, 158–191), Juvaini (1997, 201–235), Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 486–503), Rashiduddin (1998, 334–335), Rashiduddin (1998, 237–245), Jūzjānī (1964–1965, 2: 151–158), Jūzjānī (1970, 1106–1115), and Elverskog (2010, 236–237).

  93. 93.

    Ayalon (1971, 120).

  94. 94.

    Cleaves (1992, 72).

  95. 95.

    Atwood 2004a, 244–245; Bira (2003, 107–117), and Bira (2004, 3–12).

  96. 96.

    Jūzjānī (1964–1965, 2: 152–157), Jūzjānī (1970, 1007–1015), Juwaynī (1912, 1: 161–163), Juvaini (1997, 204–206), Rashīd al-Dīn (1983, 489), Rashiduddin (1998, 336; 2012, 238).

  97. 97.

    Elverskog (2010, 237).

  98. 98.

    Jūzjānī (1964–1965, vol. 2, 1110–1115) and Jūzjānī (1970, 154–157).

  99. 99.

    Cleaves (1992, 72).

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  1. University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA

    Timothy May

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  1. Timothy May
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Correspondence to Timothy May .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Asian Studies, The University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

    Rotem Kowner

  2. Zinman Institute of Archaeology, The University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

    Guy Bar-Oz

  3. Institute of Asian and African Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

    Michal Biran

  4. Department of East Asian Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Meir Shahar

  5. Department of Asian Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

    Gideon Shelach-Lavi

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May, T. (2019). Spilling Blood: Conflict and Culture over Animal Slaughter in Mongol Eurasia. In: Kowner, R., Bar-Oz, G., Biran, M., Shahar, M., Shelach-Lavi, G. (eds) Animals and Human Society in Asia. The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24363-0_5

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