Abstract
Mast cells are strategically located at host/environment interfaces like skin, airways, and gastro-intestinal and uro-genital tracts. Mast cells also populate connective tissues in association with blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. MCs are absent in avascular tissues, such as mineralized bone, cartilage, and cornea.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abou-Rabia N, Kendall MD (1994) Involution of the rat thymus in experimentally induced hypothyroidism. Cell Tissue Res 277:447–455
Barbini A, Gheri Bryk S, Balboni GC (1981) Behaviour of thymus mast cells in the rat under various experimental condition. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 57:645–650
Bischoff SC (2009) Physiological and pathophysiological functions of intestinal mast cells. Semin Immunopathol 31:185–205
Bischoff SC, Sellge G, Lorentz A et al (1999a) IL-4 enhances proliferation and mediator release in mature human mast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 96:8080–8085
Bischoff SC, Lorentz A, Schwengberg S et al (1999b) Mast cells are an important cellular source of tumour necrosis factor alpha in human intestinal tissue. Gut 44:643–652
Bjerknes M, Cheng H (1999) Clonal Analysis of mouse intestinal epithelial progenitors. Gastroenterology 116:7–14
Blair RJ, Meng H, Marchese MJ et al (1997) Tryptase is a novel, potent angiogenic factor. J Clin Invest 99:2691–2700
Bodey B, Calvo W, Prummer O et al (1987) Development and histogenesis of the thymus in dog. A light and electron microscopical study. Dev Comp Immunol 11:227–238
Brittan M, Wright NA (2002) Gastrointestinal stem cells. J Pathol 197:492–509
Brown JK, Knight PA, Pemberton AD et al (2004) Expression of integrin-alphae by mucolas mast cells in the intestinal epithelium and its absence in nematode-infected mice lacking the transforming growth factor-beta1-activating integrin alphav-Beta6. Am J Pathol 165:95–106
Cantin M, Veilleux R (1973) Effects of corticoids on granulocytes (Globule Leukocytes) and mastocytes of the urinary tract. Union Med Can 102:1502–1508
Crivellato E, Beltrami C, Mallardi F et al (2003a) Paul ehrlich’s doctoral thesis: a milestone in the study of mast cells. Br J Haematol 123:19–21
Crivellato E, Finato N, Isola M et al (2003b) Low mast cell density in the human duodenal mucosa from chronic inflammatory duodenal bowel disorders is associated with defective villous architecture. Eur J Clin Invest 33:601–610
Crivellato E, Nico B, Battistig M et al (2004) The thymus is a site of mast cell development in chicken embryos. Anat Embryol (Berl) 209:243–249
Crivellato E, Finato N, Ribatti D et al (2005) Do mast cells affect villous architecture? facts and conjectures. Histol Histopathol 20:1285–1293
Crivellato E, Finato N, Isola M et al (2006) Number of pericryptal fibroblasts correlates with density of distinct mast cell phenotypes in the crypt lamina propria of human duodenum: implications for the homeostasis of villous architecture. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 288:593–600
Durkin HG, Waksman BH (2001) Thymus and tolerance. is regulation the major function of the thymus? Immunol Rev 182:33–57
Esposito P, Gheorghe D, Kandere K et al (2001) Acute stress increases permeability of the blood-brain barrier through activation brain mast cells. Brain Res 888:117–127
Galli SJ, Grimbaldeston M, Tsai M (2008a) Immunomodulatory Mast Cells: Negative, as well as Positive, Regulators of Immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 8:478–486
Galli SJ, Tsai M, Piliponski AM (2008b) The development of allergic inflammation. Nature 454:445–454
Gouon-Evans V, Pollard JW (2002) Unexpected deposition of brown fat in mammary gland during postnatal development. Mol Endocrinol 16:2618–2627
Gouon-Evans V, Rothenberg ME, Pollard JW (2000) Postnatal mammary gland development requires macrophages and eosinophils. Development 127:2269–2282
Groschwitz KR, Wu D, Osterfeld H et al (2013) Chymase-mediated intestinal epithelial permeability is regulated by a protese-activating receptor/matrix metalloproteinase-2-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 304:G479–489
Gruber BL, Marchese MJ, Suzuki K et al (1989) Synovial procollagenase activation by human mast cell tryptase dependence upon matrix metalloproteinase 3 activation. J of Clin Invest 84:1657–1662
Gruber BL, Kew RR, Jelaska A et al (1997) Human mast cells activate fibroblasts. J Immunol 158:2310–2317
Grutzkau A, Kruger-Krasagakes S, Baumeister H et al (1998) Synthesis, storage, and release of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) by human mast cells: implications for the biological significance of VEGF206. Mol Biol Cell 9:875–884
Hallgern J, Jones TG, Abonia JP et al (2007) Pulmonary CXCR55 regulates VCAM-1 and antigen-induced recruitment of mast cell progenitors. Proc Natl Acad Scie USA 104:20478–20483
Hellstrom B, Holgren H (1950) Numerical distribution of mast cells in the human skin and heart. Acta Anat 10:81–107
Irani AA, Schechter NM, Craig SS et al (1986) Two types of human mast cells that have distinct neutral protease compositions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:4464–4468
Irani AM, Craig SS, DeBlois G et al (1987) Deficiency of the tryptase-positive, chymase-negative mast cell type in gastrointestinal mucosa of patients with defective T lymphocyte function. J Immunol 138:4381–4386
Ito N, Sugawara K, Bodó E et al (2010) Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the in situ generation of mast cells from precursors in the human hair follicle mesenchyme. J Invest Dermatol 130:995–1004
Jaafari-Ashkavandi Z, Ashraf MJ (2014) Increased mast cell counts in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 8:15–20
Jaffray D, Anderson TJ (1975) Mast cells in parathyroid glands. J Clin Pathol 28:765
Jamor MC, Oliver C (2011) Origin, maturation and recruitment of mast cell precursors. Front Biosci 3:1390–1406
Karlsson L, Lindahl P, Heath JK et al (2000) Abnormal gastrointestinal development in PDGF-A and PDGFR-(Alpha) deficient mice implicates a novel mesenchymal structure with putative instructive properties in villus morphogenesis. Development 127:3457–3466
Kendall MD (1989) The morphology of perivascular spaces in the thymus. Thymus 13:157–164
Levi-Schaffer F, Pe’Er J (2001) Mast cells and angiogenesis. Clin Exp Allergy 31:521–524
Lilla JN, Werb Z (2010) Mast cells contribute to the stromal microenvironment in mammary gland branching morphogenesis. Dev Biol 337:124–133
Lorton D, Bellinger DL, Felten SY et al (1990) Substance P innervation of the rat thymus. Peptides 11:1269–1275
Majeed SK (1994) Mast cell distribution in mice. Arzneimittelforschung 44:1170–1173
Maurer M, Theoharides T, Granstein RD et al (2003) What is the physiological function of mast cells? Exp Dermatol 12:886–886
Menzies FM, Shepherd MC, Nibbs RJ et al (2011) The role of mast cells and their mediators in reproduction, pregnancy and labour. Hum Reprod Update 17:383–396
Muller S, Weihe E (1991) Interrelation of peptidergic innervation with mast cells and ED1-positive cells in rat thymus. Brain Behav Immun 5:55–72
Murata K, Okudaira M, Akashio K (1973) Mast cells in human liver tissue. increased mast cell number in relation to the components of connective tissue in the cirrhotic process. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh).73:157–165
Nilsson G, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Xiang Z et al (1997) Human mast cells express functional Trka and are a source of nerve growth factor. Eur J Immunol 27:2295–2301
Olsson Y (1968) Mast cells in the nervous system. Int Rev Cytol 24:27–70
Paris F, Fuks Z, Kang A et al (2001) Endothelial Apoptosis as the Primary Lesion Initiating Intestinal Radiation Damage in Mice. Science 293:293–297
Patella VMI, Lamparter B, Genovese A et al (1995) Immunologic and non-immunologic release of histamine and tryptase from human heart mast cells. Inflammat Res 44:22–23
Pesci A, Foresi A, Bertorelli G et al (1993) Histochemical characteristics and degranulation of mast cells in epithelium and lamina propria of bronchial biopsies from asthmatic and normal subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:684–689
Qu Z, Kayton RJ, Ahmadi P et al (1998) Ultrastructural immunolocalization of basic fibroblast growth factor in mast cell secretory granules: morphological evidence for Bfgf release through degranulation. J Histochem Cytochem 46:1119–1128
Raica M, Cimpean AM, Nico B et al (2010) A Comparative study of the spatial distribution of mast cells and microvessels in the foetal, adult human thymus and thymoma. Int J Exp Pathol 91:17–23
Ribatti D, Crivellato E, Candussio L et al (2001a) Mast cells and their secretory granules are angiogenic in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Clin Exp Allergy 31:602–608
Ribatti D, Vacca A, Nico B et al (2001b) The role of mast cells in tumour angiogenesis. Brit J Haematol 115:514–521
Saarinen J, Kalkkinen N, Welgus HG et al (1994) Activation of human interstitial procollagenase through direct cleavage of the Leu3-Thr4 bond by mast cell chymase. J Biol Chem 269:18134–18140
Saruta T, Kondo K, Ohguro T et al (1977) Mast cells in human kidney cortex. Keio J Med 26:163–169
Sennikov SV, Temchura VV, Kozlov VA et al (2002) The influence of conditioned medium from mouse intestinal epithelial cells on the proliferative activity of crypt cells: role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Gastroenterol 37:1048–1051
Soumelis V, Liu Y-J (2004) Human thymic stromal lymphopoietin: a novel epithelial cell-derived cytokine and a potential key player in the induction of allergic inflammation. Springer Semin Immunopathol 25:325–333
Stampachiacchiere B, Marinova T, Velikova K et al (2004) Altered levels of nerve growth factor in the thymus of subjects with myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 146:199–202
Tchougounova E, Lundequist A, Fajardo I et al (2005) A key role for mast cell chymase in the activation for pro-matrix metalloprotease-9 and pro-matrix metalloprotease-2. J Biol Chem 280:9291–9296
Thabrew H, Cairns JA, Walls AF (1996) Mast cell tryptase is a growth factor for human airway smooth muscle. J Allergy Clin Immunol 97:969
Tsui-Pierchala BA, Milbrandt J, Johnson EM (2002) NGF utilizes c-ret via a novel GFL-independent, inter-RTK signaling mechanism to maintain the trophic status of mature sympathetic neurons. Neuron 33:261–273
Visciano C, Prevete N, Liotti F et al (2015) Tumor-associated mast cells in thyroid cancer. Int J Endocrinol 2015:705169
Weber A, Knop J, Maurer M (2003) Pattern analysis of human cutaneous mast cell populations by total body surface mapping. Br J Dermatol 148:224–228
Weihe E, Müller S, Fink T et al (1989) Tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide and neuropeptide Y in nerves of the mammalian thymus: interactions with mast cells in autonomic and sensory neuroimmunomodulation? Neurosci Lett 100:77–82
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ribatti, D. (2019). Mast Cell Heterogeneity. In: The Mast Cell . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24190-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24190-2_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24189-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-24190-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)