Skip to main content

Native Valve Endocarditis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 174 Accesses

Abstract

Infective endocarditis is defined by a focus of infection within the heart and is a complex, challenging and life-threatening condition that requires multidisciplinary management regarding diagnosis, medical therapy, monitoring and surgery. It is frequently acquired in the health care setting, and more than one-half of cases now occur in patients without known heart disease. Despite optimal care, mortality remains high. The challenges posed by infective endocarditis are significant. It is heterogeneous in etiology, clinical manifestations, and course. In this chapter, we will discuss the surgical aspects of native valve endocarditis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hoen B, Alla F, Selton-Suty C, et al. Changing profile of infective endocarditis: results of a 1-year survey in France. JAMA. 2002;288:75–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Wallace SM, Walton BI, Kharbanda RK, Hardy R, Wilson AP, Swanton RH. Mortality from infective endocarditis: clinical predictors of outcome. Heart. 2002;88:53–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Moreillon P, Que YA. Infective endocarditis. Lancet. 2004;363:139–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hogevik H, Olaison L, Andersson R, Lindberg J, Alestig K. Epidemiologic aspects of infective endocarditis in an urban population. A 5-year prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 1995;74:324–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P, et al. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and the International Society of Chemotherapy (ISC) for Infection and Cancer. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2369–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135:e1159–e95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:e521–643.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hasbun R, Vikram HR, Barakat LA, Buenconsejo J, Quagliarello VJ. Complicated left-sided native valve endocarditis in adults: risk classification for mortality. JAMA. 2003;289:1933–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Vikram HR, Buenconsejo J, Hasbun R, Quagliarello VJ. Impact of valve surgery on 6-month mortality in adults with complicated, left-sided native valve endocarditis: a propensity analysis. JAMA. 2003;290:3207–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Aksoy O, Sexton DJ, Wang A, et al. Early surgery in patients with infective endocarditis: a propensity score analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:364–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Croft CH, Woodward W, Elliott A, Commerford PJ, Barnard CN, Beck W. Analysis of surgical versus medical therapy in active complicated native valve infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 1983;51:1650–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Richardson JV, Karp RB, Kirklin JW, Dismukes WE. Treatment of infective endocarditis: a 10-year comparative analysis. Circulation. 1978;58:589–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Fernicola DJ, Roberts WC. Frequency of ring abscess and cuspal infection in active infective endocarditis involving bioprosthetic valves. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:314–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Di Salvo G, Habib G, Pergola V, et al. Echocardiography predicts embolic events in infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1069–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Steckelberg JM, Murphy JG, Ballard D, et al. Emboli in infective endocarditis: the prognostic value of echocardiography. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:635–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Heiro M, Nikoskelainen J, Engblom E, Kotilainen E, Marttila R, Kotilainen P. Neurologic manifestations of infective endocarditis: a 17-year experience in a teaching hospital in Finland. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2781–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Eishi K, Kawazoe K, Kuriyama Y, Kitoh Y, Kawashima Y, Omae T. Surgical management of infective endocarditis associated with cerebral complications. Multi-center retrospective study in Japan. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;110:1745–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Cooper HA, Thompson EC, Laureno R, et al. Subclinical brain embolization in left-sided infective endocarditis: results from the evaluation by MRI of the brains of patients with left-sided intracardiac solid masses (EMBOLISM) pilot study. Circulation. 2009;120:585–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kane WC, Aronson SM. Cardiac disorders predisposing to embolic stroke. Stroke. 1970;1:164–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bedeir K, Reardon M, Ramlawi B. Infective endocarditis: perioperative management and surgical principles. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147:1133–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Thuny F, Di Salvo G, Belliard O, et al. Risk of embolism and death in infective endocarditis: prognostic value of echocardiography: a prospective multicenter study. Circulation. 2005;112:69–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kang DH, Kim YJ, Kim SH, et al. Early surgery versus conventional treatment for infective endocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2466–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Tleyjeh IM, Ghomrawi HM, Steckelberg JM, et al. The impact of valve surgery on 6-month mortality in left-sided infective endocarditis. Circulation. 2007;115:1721–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:463–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Bedeir K, Reardon M, Ramchandani M, Singh K, Ramlawi B. Elevated stroke risk associated with femoral artery cannulation during mitral valve surgery. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;27:97–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Gammie JS, Zhao Y, Peterson ED, O’Brien SM, Rankin JS, Griffith BP, Maxwell J. Chamberlain memorial paper for adult cardiac surgery. Less-invasive mitral valve operations: trends and outcomes from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90:1401–8,10 e1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Iung B, Rousseau-Paziaud J, Cormier B, et al. Contemporary results of mitral valve repair for infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:386–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. de Kerchove L, Price J, Tamer S, et al. Extending the scope of mitral valve repair in active endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143:S91–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Muehrcke DD, Cosgrove DM 3rd, Lytle BW, et al. Is there an advantage to repairing infected mitral valves? Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63:1718–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lee EM, Shapiro LM, Wells FC. Conservative operation for infective endocarditis of the mitral valve. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:1087–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Zegdi R, Debieche M, Latremouille C, et al. Long-term results of mitral valve repair in active endocarditis. Circulation. 2005;111:2532–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ruttmann E, Legit C, Poelzl G, et al. Mitral valve repair provides improved outcome over replacement in active infective endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130:765–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Jung SH, Je HG, Choo SJ, Song H, Chung CH, Lee JW. Surgical results of active infective native mitral valve endocarditis: repair versus replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;40:834–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Gammie JS, O’Brien SM, Griffith BP, Peterson ED. Surgical treatment of mitral valve endocarditis in North America. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:2199–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Toyoda N, Itagaki S, Egorova NN, et al. Real-world outcomes of surgery for native mitral valve endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;154:1906–12 e9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sternik L, Zehr KJ, Orszulak TA, Mullany CJ, Daly RC, Schaff HV. The advantage of repair of mitral valve in acute endocarditis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2002;11:91–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Feringa HH, Shaw LJ, Poldermans D, et al. Mitral valve repair and replacement in endocarditis: a systematic review of literature. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:564–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bonow RO, Carabello B, de Leon AC Jr, et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease). Circulation. 1998;98:1949–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Calderwood SB, Swinski LA, Waternaux CM, Karchmer AW, Buckley MJ. Risk factors for the development of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Circulation. 1985;72:31–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Moon MR, Miller DC, Moore KA, et al. Treatment of endocarditis with valve replacement: the question of tissue versus mechanical prosthesis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:1164–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Chauvaud S, Waldmann T, d'Attellis N, et al. Homograft replacement of the mitral valve in young recipients: mid-term results. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;23:560–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kumar AS, Choudhary SK, Mathur A, Saxena A, Roy R, Chopra P. Homograft mitral valve replacement: five years’ results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;120:450–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Carpentier AF, Pellerin M, Fuzellier JF, Relland JY. Extensive calcification of the mitral valve anulus: pathology and surgical management. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111:718–29. discussion 29–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Casselman FP, Gillinov AM, McDonald ML, Cosgrove DM 3rd. Use of the anterior mitral leaflet to reinforce the posterior mitral annulus after debridement of calcium. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:261–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. David TE, Feindel CM, Armstrong S, Sun Z. Reconstruction of the mitral anulus. A ten-year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;110:1323–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Sabik JF, Lytle BW, Blackstone EH, Marullo AG, Pettersson GB, Cosgrove DM. Aortic root replacement with cryopreserved allograft for prosthetic valve endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:650–9. discussion 9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Haydock D, Barratt-Boyes B, Macedo T, Kirklin JW, Blackstone E. Aortic valve replacement for active infectious endocarditis in 108 patients. A comparison of freehand allograft valves with mechanical prostheses and bioprostheses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;103:130–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Yankah AC, Pasic M, Klose H, Siniawski H, Weng Y, Hetzer R. Homograft reconstruction of the aortic root for endocarditis with periannular abscess: a 17-year study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;28:69–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Knosalla C, Weng Y, Yankah AC, et al. Surgical treatment of active infective aortic valve endocarditis with associated periannular abscess—11 year results. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:490–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Basel Ramlawi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bedeir, K., Ramlawi, B. (2020). Native Valve Endocarditis. In: Raja, S. (eds) Cardiac Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24174-2_43

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24174-2_43

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24173-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-24174-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics