Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain lifelong production of mature blood cells and regenerate the hematopoietic system after cytotoxic injury. Use of expanding cell surface marker panels and advanced functional analyses have revealed the presence of several immunophenotypically different HSC subsets with distinct self-renewal and repopulating capacity and bias toward selective lineage differentiation. This chapter summarizes current understanding of the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity within the HSC pool, with emphasis on the immunophenotypes and functional features of several known HSC subsets, and their roles in steady-state and emergency hematopoiesis, and in aging. The chapter also highlights some of the future research directions to elucidate further the biology and function of different HSC subsets in health and disease states.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Spangrude GJ, Heimfeld S, Weissman IL (1988) Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Science 241(4861):58–62
Jurecic R, Van NT, Belmont JW (1993) Enrichment and functional characterization of Sca-1+WGA+, Lin-WGA+, Lin-Sca-1+, and Lin-Sca-1+WGA+ bone marrow cells from mice with an Ly-6a haplotype. Blood 82(9):2673–2683
Li CL, Johnson GR (1992) Long-term hemopoietic repopulation by Thy-1lo, Lin-, Ly6A/E+ cells. Exp Hematol 20(11):1309–1315
Okada S, Nakauchi H, Nagayoshi K, Nishikawa S, Nishikawa S, Miura Y, Suda T (1991) Enrichment and characterization of murine hematopoietic stem cells that express c-kit molecule. Blood 78(7):1706–1712
Spangrude GJ (1989) Enrichment of murine haemopoietic stem cells: diverging roads. Immunol Today 10(10):344–350
Spangrude GJ, Scollay R (1990) A simplified method for enrichment of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Exp Hematol 18(8):920–926
Spangrude GJ, Smith L, Uchida N, Ikuta K, Heimfeld S, Friedman J, Weissman IL (1991) Mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 78(6):1395–1402
Weissman IL, Heimfeld S, Spangrude G (1989) Haemopoietic stem cell purification. Immunol Today 10(6):184–185
Weissman IL, Shizuru JA (2008) The origins of the identification and isolation of hematopoietic stem cells, and their capability to induce donor-specific transplantation tolerance and treat autoimmune diseases. Blood 112(9):3543–3553
Baum CM, Weissman IL, Tsukamoto AS, Buckle AM, Peault B (1992) Isolation of a candidate human hematopoietic stem-cell population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(7):2804–2808
Bhatia M, Wang JC, Kapp U, Bonnet D, Dick JE (1997) Purification of primitive human hematopoietic cells capable of repopulating immune-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94(10):5320–5325
Murray L, DiGiusto D, Chen B, Chen S, Combs J, Conti A, Galy A, Negrin R, Tricot G, Tsukamoto A (1994) Analysis of human hematopoietic stem cell populations. Blood Cells 20(2–3):364–369
Murray L, Chen B, Galy A, Chen S, Tushinski R, Uchida N, Negrin R, Tricot G, Jagannath S, Vesole D et al (1995) Enrichment of human hematopoietic stem cell activity in the CD34+Thy-1+Lin- subpopulation from mobilized peripheral blood. Blood 85(2):368–378
Guezguez B, Campbell CJ, Boyd AL, Karanu F, Casado FL, Di Cresce C, Collins TJ, Shapovalova Z, Xenocostas A, Bhatia M (2013) Regional localization within the bone marrow influences the functional capacity of human HSCs. Cell Stem Cell 13(2):175–189
Notta F, Doulatov S, Laurenti E, Poeppl A, Jurisica I, Dick JE (2011) Isolation of single human hematopoietic stem cells capable of long-term multilineage engraftment. Science 333(6039):218–221
Reckzeh K, Kizilkaya H, Helbo AS, Alrich ME, Deslauriers AG, Grover A, Rapin N, Asmar F, Grønbæk K, Porse B, Borregaard N, Vestweber D, Nerlov C, Theilgaard-Mönch K (2018) Human adult HSCs can be discriminated from lineage-committed HPCs by the expression of endomucin. Blood Adv 2(13):1628–1632
Sitnicka E, Buza-Vidas N, Larsson S, Nygren JM, Liuba K, Jacobsen SE (2003) Human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells capable of multilineage engrafting NOD/SCID mice express flt3: distinct flt3 and c-kit expression and response patterns on mouse and candidate human hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 102(3):881–886
Uchida N, Fleming WH, Alpern EJ, Weissman IL (1993) Heterogeneity of hematopoietic stem cells. Curr Opin Immunol 5(2):177–184
Beerman I, Bhattacharya D, Zandi S, Sigvardsson M, Weissman IL, Bryder D, Rossi DJ (2010) Functionally distinct hematopoietic stem cells modulate hematopoietic lineage potential during aging by a mechanism of clonal expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(12):5465–5470
Benveniste P, Frelin C, Janmohamed S, Barbara M, Herrington R, Hyam D, Iscove NN (2010) Intermediate-term hematopoietic stem cells with extended but time-limited reconstitution potential. Cell Stem Cell 6(1):48–58
Benz C, Copley MR, Kent DG, Wohrer S, Cortes A, Aghaeepour N, Ma E, Mader H, Rowe K, Day C, Treloar D, Brinkman RR, Eaves CJ (2012) Hematopoietic stem cell subtypes expand differentially during development and display distinct lymphopoietic programs. Cell Stem Cell 10(3):273–283
Copley MR, Beer PA, Eaves CJ (2012) Hematopoietic stem cell heterogeneity takes center stage. Cell Stem Cell 10(6):690–697
Dykstra B, Kent D, Bowie M, McCaffrey L, Hamilton M, Lyons K, Lee SJ, Brinkman R, Eaves C (2007) Long-term propagation of distinct hematopoietic differentiation programs in vivo. Cell Stem Cell 1(2):218–229
Hock H (2010) Some hematopoietic stem cells are more equal than others. J Exp Med 207:1127–1130
Li L, Clevers H (2010) Coexistence of quiescent and active adult stem cells in mammals. Science 327:542–545
Morita Y, Ema H, Nakauchi H (2010) Heterogeneity and hierarchy within the most primitive hematopoietic stem cell compartment. J Exp Med 207:1173–1182
Oguro H, Ding L, Morrison SJ (2013) SLAM family markers resolve functionally distinct subpopulations of hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent progenitors. Cell Stem Cell 13(1):102–116
Raaijmakers MH, Scadden DT (2008) Divided within: heterogeneity within adult stem cell pools. Cell 135:1006–1008
Schroeder T (2010) Hematopoietic stem cell heterogeneity: subtypes, not unpredictable behavior. Cell Stem Cell 6:203–207
Crisan M, Dzierzak E (2016) The many faces of hematopoietic stem cell heterogeneity. Development 143(24):4571–4581
Adolfsson J et al (2001) Upregulation of Flt3 expression within the bone marrow Lin(−)Sca1(+)c-kit(+) stem cell compartment is accompanied by loss of self-renewal capacity. Immunity 15:659–669
Christensen JL, Weissman IL (2001) Flk-2 is a marker in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation: a simple method to isolate long-term stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(25):14541–14546
Kiel MJ, Yilmaz OH, Iwashita T, Yilmaz OH, Terhorst C, Morrison SJ (2005) SLAM family receptors distinguish hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and reveal endothelial niches for stem cells. Cell 121(7):1109–1121
Lemischka IR, Raulet DH, Mulligan RC (1986) Developmental potential and dynamic behavior of hematopoietic stem cells. Cell 45(6):917–927
Lemischka IR (1992) What we have learned from retroviral marking of hematopoietic stem cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 177:59–71
Liu L, Papa EF, Dooner MS, Machan JT, Johnson KW, Goldberg LR, Quesenberry PJ, Colvin GA (2012) Homing and long-term engraftment of long- and short-term renewal hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS One 7(2):e31300
Lu R, Neff NF, Quake SR, Weissman IL (2011) Tracking single hematopoietic stem cells in vivo using high-throughput sequencing in conjunction with viral genetic barcoding. Nat Biotechnol 29:928–933
McKenzie JL, Gan OI, Doedens M, Dick JE (2005) Human short-term repopulating stem cells are efficiently detected following intrafemoral transplantation into NOD/SCID recipients depleted of CD122+ cells. Blood 106(4):1259–1261
Morrison SJ, Weissman IL (1994) The long-term repopulating subset of hematopoietic stem cells is deterministic and isolatable by phenotype. Immunity 1(8):661–673
Nakauchi H, Sudo K, Ema H (2001) Quantitative assessment of the stem cell self-renewal capacity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 938:18–24
Osawa M, Hanada K, Hamada H, Nakauchi H (1996) Long-term lymphohematopoietic reconstitution by a single CD34-low/negative hematopoietic stem cell. Science 273:242–245
Randall TD, Lund FE, Howard MC, Weissman IL (1996) Expression of murine CD38 defines a population of long-term reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 87(10):4057–4067
Szilvassy SJ, Humphries RK, Lansdorp PM, Eaves AC, Eaves CJ (1990) Quantitative assay for totipotent reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells by a competitive repopulation strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87(22):8736–8740
Wagers AJ, Weissman IL (2006) Differential expression of alpha2 integrin separates long-term and short-term reconstituting Lin-/loThy1.1(lo)c-kit+ Sca-1+ hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 24(4):1087–1094
Yang L et al (2005) Identification of Lin(−)Sca1(+)kit(+)CD34(+)Flt3- short-term hematopoietic stem cells capable of rapidly reconstituting and rescuing myeloablated transplant recipients. Blood 105:2717–2723
Matsuoka Y, Takahashi M, Sumide K, Kawamura H, Nakatsuka R, Fujioka T, Sonoda Y (2017) CD34 antigen and the MPL receptor expression defines a novel class of human cord blood-derived primitive hematopoietic stem cells. Cell Transplant 26(6):1043–1058
Matsuoka S, Ebihara Y, Xu M, Ishii T, Sugiyama D, Yoshino H, Ueda T, Manabe A, Tanaka R, Ikeda Y, Nakahata T, Tsuji K (2001) CD34 expression on long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells changes during developmental stages. Blood 97(2):419–425
Ogawa M, Tajima F, Ito T, Sato T, Laver JH, Deguchi T (2001) CD34 expression by murine hematopoietic stem cells. Developmental changes and kinetic alterations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 938:139–145
Sato T, Laver JH, Ogawa M (1999) Reversible expression of CD34 by murine hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 94:2548–2554
Dao MA, Arevalo J, Nolta JA (2003) Reversibility of CD34 expression on human hematopoietic stem cells that retain the capacity for secondary reconstitution. Blood 101(1):112–118
Zanjani ED, Almeida-Porada G, Livingston AG, Zeng H, Ogawa M (2003) Reversible expression of CD34 by adult human bone marrow long-term engrafting hematopoietic stem cells. Exp Hematol 31(5):406–412
Baumgartner C, Toifl S, Farlik M, Halbritter F, Scheicher R, Fischer I, Sexl V, Bock C, Baccarini M (2018) An ERK-dependent feedback mechanism prevents hematopoietic stem cell exhaustion. Cell Stem Cell 22(6):879–892.e6
Cabezas-Wallscheid N, Buettner F, Sommerkamp P, Klimmeck D, Ladel L, Thalheimer FB, Pastor-Flores D, Roma LP, Renders S, Zeisberger P, Przybylla A, Schönberger K, Scognamiglio R, Altamura S, Florian CM, Fawaz M, Vonficht D, Tesio M, Collier P, Pavlinic D, Geiger H, Schroeder T, Benes V, Dick TP, Rieger MA, Stegle O, Trumpp A (2017) Vitamin A-retinoic acid signaling regulates hematopoietic stem cell dormancy. Cell 169(5):807–823
Wilson A, Oser GM, Jaworski M, Blanco-Bose WE, Laurenti E, Adolphe C, Essers MA, Macdonald HR, Trumpp A (2007) Dormant and self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells and their niches. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1106:64–75
Wilson A, Laurenti E, Oser G, van der Wath RC, Blanco-Bose W, Jaworski M, Offner S, Dunant CF, Eshkind L, Bockamp E, Lió P, Macdonald HR, Trumpp A (2008) Hematopoietic stem cells reversibly switch from dormancy to self-renewal during homeostasis and repair. Cell 135(6):1118–1129
Nakamura-Ishizu A, Takizawa H, Suda T (2014) The analysis, roles and regulation of quiescence in hematopoietic stem cells. Development 141(24):4656–4666
Walter D, Lier A, Geiselhart A, Thalheimer FB, Huntscha S, Sobotta MC, Moehrle B, Brocks D, Bayindir I, Kaschutnig P, Muedder K, Klein C, Jauch A, Schroeder T, Geiger H, Dick TP, Holland-Letz T, Schmezer P, Lane SW, Rieger MA, Essers MA, Williams DA, Trumpp A, Milsom MD (2015) Exit from dormancy provokes DNA-damage-induced attrition in haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 520(7548):549–552
Muller-Sieburg CE, Cho RH, Karlsson L, Huang JF, Sieburg HB (2004) Myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells have extensive self-renewal capacity but generate diminished lymphoid progeny with impaired IL-7 responsiveness. Blood 103(11):4111–4118
Sanjuan-Pla A, Macaulay IC, Jensen CT, Woll PS, Luis TC, Mead A, Moore S, Carella C, Matsuoka S, Bouriez Jones T, Chowdhury O, Stenson L, Lutteropp M, Green JC, Facchini R, Boukarabila H, Grover A, Gambardella A, Thongjuea S, Carrelha J, Tarrant P, Atkinson D, Clark SA, Nerlov C, Jacobsen SE (2013) Platelet-biased stem cells reside at the apex of the haematopoietic stem-cell hierarchy. Nature 502(7470):232–236
Sieburg HB, Cho RH, Dykstra B, Uchida N, Eaves CJ, Muller-Sieburg CE (2006) The hematopoietic stem compartment consists of a limited number of discrete stem cell subsets. Blood 107(6):2311–2316
Gekas C, Graf T (2013) CD41 expression marks myeloid-biased adult hematopoietic stem cells and increases with age. Blood 121(22):4463–4472
Carrelha J, Meng Y, Kettyle LM, Luis TC, Norfo R, Alcolea V, Boukarabila H, Grasso F, Gambardella A, Grover A, Högstrand K, Lord AM, Sanjuan-Pla A, Woll PS, Nerlov C, Jacobsen SEW (2018) Hierarchically related lineage-restricted fates of multipotent haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 554(7690):106–111
Shin JY, Hu W, Naramura M, Park CY (2014) High c-Kit expression identifies hematopoietic stem cells with impaired self-renewal and megakaryocytic bias. J Exp Med 211(2):217–231
Wilson NK, Kent DG, Buettner F, Shehata M, Macaulay IC, Calero-Nieto FJ, Sánchez Castillo M, Oedekoven CA, Diamanti E, Schulte R, Ponting CP, Voet T, Caldas C, Stingl J, Green AR, Theis FJ, Göttgens B (2015) Combined single-cell functional and gene expression analysis resolves heterogeneity within stem cell populations. Cell Stem Cell 16(6):712–724
Woolthuis CM, Park CY (2016) Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell commitment to the megakaryocyte lineage. Blood 127(10):1242–1248
Assinger A (2014) Platelets and infection – an emerging role of platelets in viral infection. Front Immunol 5:649
Yeaman MR (2014) Platelets: at the nexus of antimicrobial defence. Nat Rev Microbiol 12(6):426–437
Matsuoka Y, Sumide K, Kawamura H, Nakatsuka R, Fujioka T, Sasaki Y, Sonoda Y (2015) Human cord blood-derived primitive CD34-negative hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are myeloid-biased long-term repopulating HSCs. Blood Cancer J 5:e290
Sumide K, Matsuoka Y, Kawamura H, Nakatsuka R, Fujioka T, Asano H, Takihara Y, Sonoda Y (2018) A revised road map for the commitment of human cord blood CD34-negative hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Commun 9(1):2202
Borot F, Lin CS, Snoeck HW, Mukherjee S, Wang TC (2017) Bone marrow myeloid cells regulate myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells via a histamine-dependent feedback loop. Cell Stem Cell 21(6):747–760.e7
Chen X, Deng H, Churchill MJ, Luchsinger LL, Du X, Chu TH, Friedman RA, Middelhoff M, Ding H, Tailor YH, Wang ALE, Liu H, Niu Z, Wang H, Jiang Z, Renders S, Ho SH, Shah SV, Tishchenko P, Chang W, Swayne TC, Munteanu L, Califano A, Takahashi R, Nagar KK, Renz BW, Worthley DL, Westphalen CB, Hayakawa Y, Asfaha S, Borot F, Lin CS, Snoeck HW, Mukherjee S, Wang TC (2017) Bone marrow myeloid cells regulate myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells via a histamine-dependent feedback loop. Cell Stem Cell 21(6):747–760
Pinho S, Marchand T, Yang E, Wei Q, Nerlov C, Frenette PS (2018) Lineage-biased hematopoietic stem cells are regulated by distinct niches. Dev Cell 44(5):634–641.e4
Boiko JR, Borghesi L (2012) Hematopoiesis sculpted by pathogens: toll-like receptors and inflammatory mediators directly activate stem cells. Cytokine 57(1):1–8
Burberry A, Zeng MY, Ding L, Wicks I, Inohara N, Morrison SJ, Núñez G (2014) Infection mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells through cooperative NOD-like receptor and toll-like receptor signaling. Cell Host Microbe 15(6):779–791
Glatman Zaretsky A, Engiles JB, Hunter CA (2014) Infection-induced changes in hematopoiesis. J Immunol 192(1):27–33
King KY, Goodell MA (2011) Inflammatory modulation of HSCs: viewing the HSC as a foundation for the immune response. Nat Rev Immunol 11(10):685–692
MacNamara KC, Jones M, Martin O, Winslow GM (2011) Transient activation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by IFNγ during acute bacterial infection. PLoS One 6(12):e28669
Manz MG, Boettcher S (2014) Emergency granulopoiesis. Nat Rev Immunol 14(5):302–314
Megías J, Yáñez A, Moriano S, O’Connor JE, Gozalbo D, Gil ML (2012) Direct Toll-like receptor-mediated stimulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells occurs in vivo and promotes differentiation toward macrophages. Stem Cells 30(7):1486–1495
Schuettpelz LG, Link DC (2013) Regulation of hematopoietic stem cell activity by inflammation. Front Immunol 4:204
Yáñez A, Goodridge HS, Gozalbo D, Gil ML (2013) TLRs control hematopoiesis during infection. Eur J Immunol 43(10):2526–2533
Boettcher S, Manz MG (2017) Regulation of inflammation- and infection-driven hematopoiesis. Trends Immunol 38(5):345–357
Welner RS, Kincade PW (2014) 9-1-1: HSCs respond to emergency calls. Cell Stem Cell 14(4):415–416
Esplin BL, Shimazu T, Welner RS, Garrett KP, Nie L, Zhang Q, Humphrey MB, Yang Q, Borghesi LA, Kincade PW (2011) Chronic exposure to a TLR ligand injures hematopoietic stem cells. J Immunol 186(9):5367–5375
Hirche C, Frenz T, Haas SF, Döring M, Borst K, Tegtmeyer PK, Brizic I, Jordan S, Keyser K, Chhatbar C, Pronk E, Lin S, Messerle M, Jonjic S, Falk CS, Trumpp A, Essers MAG, Kalinke U (2017) Systemic virus infections differentially modulate cell cycle state and functionality of long-term hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. Cell Rep 19(11):2345–2356
Kobayashi H, Kobayashi CI, Nakamura-Ishizu A, Karigane D, Haeno H, Yamamoto KN, Sato T, Ohteki T, Hayakawa Y, Barber GN, Kurokawa M, Suda T, Takubo K (2015) Bacterial c-di-GMP affects hematopoietic stem/progenitors and their niches through STING. Cell Rep 11(1):71–84
Takizawa H, Fritsch K, Kovtonyuk LV, Saito Y, Yakkala C, Jacobs K, Ahuja AK, Lopes M, Hausmann A, Hardt WD, Gomariz Á, Nombela-Arrieta C, Manz MG (2017) Pathogen-induced TLR4-TRIF innate immune signaling in hematopoietic stem cells promotes proliferation but reduces competitive fitness. Cell Stem Cell 21(2):225–240.e5
Matatall KA, Shen CC, Challen GA, King KY (2014) Type II interferon promotes differentiation of myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 32(11):3023–3030
Haas S, Hansson J, Klimmeck D, Loeffler D, Velten L, Uckelmann H, Wurzer S, Prendergast ÁM, Schnell A, Hexel K, Santarella-Mellwig R, Blaszkiewicz S, Kuck A, Geiger H, Milsom MD, Steinmetz LM, Schroeder T, Trumpp A, Krijgsveld J, Essers MA (2015) Inflammation-induced emergency megakaryopoiesis driven by hematopoietic stem cell-like megakaryocyte progenitors. Cell Stem Cell 17(4):422–434
Bowman RL, Busque L, Levine RL (2018) Clonal hematopoiesis and evolution to hematopoietic malignancies. Cell Stem Cell 22(2):157–170
Cho RH, Sieburg HB, Muller-Sieburg CE (2008) A new mechanism for the aging of hematopoietic stem cells: aging changes the clonal composition of the stem cell compartment but not individual stem cells. Blood 111:5553–5561
Gazit R, Weissman IL, Rossi DJ (2008) Hematopoietic stem cells and the aging hematopoietic system. Semin Hematol 45:218–224
Pang WW, Schrier SL, Weissman IL (2017) Age-associated changes in human hematopoietic stem cells. Semin Hematol 54(1):39–42
Shlush LI (2018) Age-related clonal hematopoiesis. Blood 131(5):496–504
Dykstra B, Olthof S, Schreuder J, Ritsema M, de Haan G (2011) Clonal analysis reveals multiple functional defects of aged murine hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Med 208(13):2691–2703
Morrison SJ, Wandycz AM, Akashi K, Globerson A, Weissman IL (1996) The aging of hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Med 2:1011–1016
Sudo K, Ema H, Morita Y, Nakauchi H (2000) Age-associated characteristics of murine hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Med 192:1273–1280
Grover A, Sanjuan-Pla A, Thongjuea S, Carrelha J, Giustacchini A, Gambardella A, Macaulay I, Mancini E, Luis TC, Mead A, Jacobsen SE, Nerlov C (2016) Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals molecular and functional platelet bias of aged haematopoietic stem cells. Nat Commun 7:11075
Linton PJ, Dorshkind K (2004) Age-related changes in lymphocyte development and function. Nat Immunol 5:133–139
Wang JW, Geiger H, Rudolph KL (2011) Immunoaging induced by hematopoietic stem cell aging. Curr Opin Immunol 23:532–536
Leins H, Mulaw M, Eiwen K, Sakk V, Liang Y, Denkinger M, Geiger H, Schirmbeck R (2018) Aged murine hematopoietic stem cells drive aging-associated immune remodeling. Blood 132(6):565–576
Kong Y, Pioli PD, Montecino-Rodriguez E, Casero D, Dorshkind K (2018) Lymphoid biased hematopoietic stem cells acquire a myeloid pattern of gene expression with age. J Immunol 200(1 Supplement):103.6
Pang WW, Price EA, Sahoo D, Beerman I, Maloney WJ, Rossi DJ, Schrier SL, Weissman IL (2011) Human bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells are increased in frequency and myeloid-biased with age. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(50):20012–20017
Beerman I (2017) Accumulation of DNA damage in the aged hematopoietic stem cell compartment. Semin Hematol 54(1):12–18
Busque L, Buscarlet M, Mollica L, Levine RL (2018) Concise review: age-related clonal hematopoiesis: stem cells tempting the devil. Stem Cells 36(9):1287–1294
Elias HK, Bryder D, Park CY (2017) Molecular mechanisms underlying lineage bias in aging hematopoiesis. Semin Hematol 54(1):4–11
Kramer A, Challen GA (2017) The epigenetic basis of hematopoietic stem cell aging. Semin Hematol 54(1):19–24
Latchney SE, Calvi LM (2017) The aging hematopoietic stem cell niche: phenotypic and functional changes and mechanisms that contribute to hematopoietic aging. Semin Hematol 54(1):25–32
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jurecic, R. (2019). Hematopoietic Stem Cell Heterogeneity. In: Birbrair, A. (eds) Stem Cells Heterogeneity in Different Organs. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1169. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24108-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24108-7_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24107-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-24108-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)