Skip to main content

The Role of Language in Intercultural Psychotherapy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Intercultural Psychotherapy
  • 1320 Accesses

Abstract

In view of the growing proportion of immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers worldwide, knowledge on the influence of culture and migration on identity and mental health presents a substantial basis for effective therapy. Both concepts of health and disease and expectations about treatment depend on the patient’s cultural background, traditional values, personal experiences and social worlds, all of which are in a constant state of flux. This article addresses important topics in psychotherapy with immigrants in general, and refugee and asylum seeker patients in particular. The following issues, selected according to their relevance and actuality, are highlighted: psychological aspects of psychotherapy, psychotherapy in the patient’s native language, intercultural psychotherapy, bilingual psychotherapy and the use of an interpreter in the psychotherapeutical process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Schouler-Ocak M. Mental health care for immigrants in GermanyNervenarzt. 2015a;86(11):1320–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Fiscella K, et al. Disparities in health care by race, ethnicity, and language among the insured: findings from a national sample. Med Care. 2002;40(1):52–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bauer AM, Alegria M. Impact of patient language proficiency and interpreter service use on the quality of psychiatric care: a systematic review. Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61(8):765–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Falkai P, Wittchen U. Diagnostisches und Statistisches Manual Psychischer Störungen DSM-5®. 2. Korrigierte Auflage. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 2018.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Baarnhielm S, Aberg Wistedt A, Rosso MS. Revising psychiatric diagnostic categorisation of immigrant patients after using the cultural formulation in DSM-IV. Transcult Psychiatry. 2015;52(3):287–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bischoff A, Denhaerynck K. What do language barriers cost? An exploratory study among asylum seekers in Switzerland. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:248.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Schouler-Ocak M. Intercultural trauma-centered psychotherapy and the application of the EMDR-method. In: Schouler-Ocak M, editor. Trauma and migration. New York: Springer; 2015b. p. 177–90.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Birck A, Winter D, Koch F. Diagnostik psychischer Folgen. In: Richtlinien für die Untersuchung von traumatisierten Flüchtlingen und Folteropfer. Bonn: Deutscher Psychologen Verlag; 2001. p. 39–53.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Özkan I. Problembereiche in der traumazentrierten Arbeit mit ethnischen Minoritäten. In: Sachsse U, Özkan I, Streeck-Fischer A, editors. Traumatherapie – Was ist erfolgreich? Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; 2002. p. 72–82.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Schouler-Ocak M, Reiske S-L, Rapp M, Heinz A. Cultural factors in the diagnosis and treatment of traumatised migrant patients from Turkey. Transcult Psychiatry. 2008;45(4):652–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Koch E, Hartkamp N, Siefen RG, Schouler-Ocak M. Patienten mit Migrationshintergrund in stationär-psychiatrischen Einrichtungen – Pilotstudie der Arbeitsgruppe „Psychiatrie und Migration“ der Bundesdirektorenkonferenz. Nervenarzt. 2008;79(3):328–39.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Pette M, Borde T, David M. Kenntnis über die Diagnose und Therapie ihrer Erkrankung bei deutschen und türkischstämmigen Patientinnen vor und nach einem Krankenhausaufenthalt. J Turkish German Gynecol Assoc. 2004;5(4):130–7. http://www.artemisonline.net/published/volume5/issue4/ErratumMPette5(4).pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Yeo S. Language barriers and access to care. Ann Rev Nurs Res [serial on the Internet]. 2004;22. http://www.springerpub.com/samples/9780826141347_chapter.pdf.

  14. Bhui K, Bhugra D. Explanatory models for mental distress: implications for clinical practice and research. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;181:6–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kleinman A. Patients and healers in the context of culture: an exploration of the borderland between anthropology, medicine, and psychiatry. London: University of California Press; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kleinman A. The illness narratives. Suffering, healing and the human condition. New York: Basic Books; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Penka S, Schouler-Ocak M, Heinz A, Kluge U. Interkulturelle Aspekte der Interaktion und Kommunikation im psychiatrisch/psychotherapeutischen Behandlungssetting – Mögliche Barrieren und Handlungsempfehlungen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt. 2012;55:1168. in Druck.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Penka S, Heimann H, Heinz A, Schouler-Ocak M. Explanatory models of addictive behaviour among native German, Russian-German, and Turkish youth. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23(Suppl 1):36–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Heinz A, Kluge U. Ethnologische Ansätze in der transkulturellen Psychiatrie. In: Machleidt W, Heinz A, editors. Praxis der interkulturellen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie: Migration und psychische Gesundheit. Munich: Elsevier; 2011. p. 27–32.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Vardar A, Kluge U, Penka S. How to express mental health problems-Turkish immgrants in Berlin compared to native Germans in Berlin and Turks in Istanbul. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(Suppl 2):50–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Gün AK. Interkulturelle Missverständnisse in der Psychotherapie. Gegenseitiges Verstehen zwischen einheimischen Therapeuten und türkeistämmigen Klienten. Freiburg im Breisgau: Lambertus Verlag; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Erim Y, Senf W. Psychotherapie mit Migranten. Interkulturelle Aspekte in der Psychotherapie. Psychotherapeut. 2002;47:336–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Erim Y. Psychotherapie mit Migranten ± Aspekte der interkulturellen Psychotherapie. In: Senf W, Broda M, editors. Praxis der Psychotherapie. Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag; 2005. p. 672–8.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Schlippe AV, El Hachimi M. Systemische Therapie und Supervision in multikulturellen Kontexten. System Familie. 2000;13(1):3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Fisek G, Schepker R. Kontext-Bewusstsein in der transkulturellen Psychotherapie. Familiendynamik. 1997;22:396–413.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Morina N, Maier T, Schmid Mast M. Lost in translation? Psychotherapy using interpreters. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2010;60(3–4):104–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rosenblum SM. The role of language in therapy: how bilingual/multilingual therapists experience their work with bilingual/multilingual clients. Theses, dissertations, and projects; 2011. p. 1013. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/1013.

  28. Urdang E. Human behavior in the social environment: interweaving the inner and outer worlds. New York: Routledge; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Nikitin NZ. http://nadjacounselling.com/the-influence-of-language-in-psychotherapy/. Accessed 28 Sept 2018.

  30. Amati-Mehler J, Argentieri S, Canestri J. The babel of the unconscious. Int J Psychoanal. 1990;71:569–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Morawa E, Erim Y. Traumatic events, posttraumatic stress disorder and utilization of psychotherapy in immigrants of polish origin in Germany. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2016;66(9-10):369–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Erim Y, Koch E. Psychiatric therapy in the native languagePsychiatr Prax. 2011;38(1):5–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Krapf EE. The choice of language in polyglot psychoanalysis. Psychoanal Q. 1955;24:343–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tantam D. Therapist-patient interactions and expectations. In: Bhugra D, Bhui K, editors. Textbook of cultural psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007. p. S379–87.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  35. Kahraman B. Therapeutische Beziehung und Kultur. In: Kahraman B, editor. Die kultursensible Therapiebeziehung. Gießen: Psychosozial Verlag; 2008. p. 59–76.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Pérez Foster R. The power of language in the clinical process: assessing and treating the bilingual person. Northvale: Jason Aronson Inc; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Javier RA. Linguistic considerations in the treatment of bilinguals. Psychoanal Psychol. 1989;6(1):87–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Canestri J, Reppen J. Development of affect in bilingual patients. Int J Psychoanal. 2000;81:153–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Greenson JR. The mother tongue and the mother. Int J Psychoanal. 1950;31:18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Bamford KW. Bilingual issues in mental health assessment and treatment. Hisp J Behav Sci. 1991;13:377–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Pérez Foster R. Psychoanalysis and the bilingual patient: some observations on the influence of language choice on the transference. Psychoanal Psychol. 1992;9:61–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Pérez Foster R. Assessing the psychodynamic function of language in the bilingual patient. In: Pérez Foster R, Moskowitz M, Javier RA, editors. Reaching across boundaries of culture and class. Northvale: Jason Aronson Inc; 1996a. p. 243–63.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Pérez Foster R. The bilingual self: duet in two voices. Psychoanal Dialog. 1996b;6(1):99–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Aragno A, Schlachet PJ. Accessibility of early experience through the language of origin: a theoretical integration. Psychoanal Psychol. 1996;13:23–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Ramos-Sánchez L. Language switching and Mexican Americans’ emotional expression. J Multicult Couns Dev. 2007;35(3):154–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Sprowls C. Bilingual therapists’ perspectives of their language related selfexperiences during therapy (Doctoral dissertation, Our Lady of the Lake University, Texas, 2002). Diss Abstr Int. 2002;63(4):2076.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Costa B, Dewaele J-M. Psychotherapy across languages: beliefs, attitudes and practices of monolingual and multilingual therapists with their multilingual patients. Lang Psychoanal. 2012;1:19–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Pavlenko A. Bilingual selves. In: Pavlenko A, editor. Bilingual minds: emotional experience, expression, and representation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters; 2006. p. 1–33.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  49. Dewaele J-M, Nakano S. Multilinguals’ perceptions of feeling different when switching languages. J Multiling Multicult Dev. 2012; https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2012.712133.

  50. Harris CL. When is a first language more emotional? In: Pavlenko A, editor. Bilingual minds: emotional experience, expression, and representation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters; 2006. p. 257–83.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  51. Dewaele J-M. Emotions in multiple languages. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2010.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  52. Djakonova-Curtis D. Bilingualism as a tool in psychotherapy. Psychother Bull. 2016;51(4):38–42.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Tehrani, Vaughan. Lost in translation – using bilingual differences to increase emotional mastery following bullying. Couns Psychother Res. 2009;9:11–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Alessi MW. The experience of being asked, “how is it that you speak Spanish so well?”: a critical incident for a bilingual therapist (Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University, 2000). Diss Abstr Int. 2000;61(9):4968.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Burck C. Living in several languages: implications for therapy. J Fam Ther. 2004;26:314–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Verdinelli S. Narratives of bilingual counsellors (Doctoral dissertation, Our Lady of the Lake University, Texas, 2006). Diss Abstr Int. 2006;67. Retrieved 3 Nov 2007, from ProQuest Digital Dissertations database, AAT 3211711.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Sella E. Countertransference and empathy: the perceptions and experiences of polyglot immigrant clinicians, who, working with monolingual or bilingual immigrant children, are practicing in a language that is not their mother tongue (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 2006). Diss Abstr Int. 2006;67(8).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Skulic T. Language of psychotherapy: the therapist’s bilingualism in the psychotherapeutic proces. 2007. http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/514/SkulicT.pdf?sequence=3_. Accessed 28 Sept 2018.

  59. Marcos LR, Urcuyo L. Dynamic psychotherapy with the bilingual patient. Am J Psychother. 1979;33:331–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. de Zulueta F. Bilingualism and family therapy. J Family Ther. 1990;12:255–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Mahoney PJ. Note: Freud and translation. American Imago. 2001;58(4):837–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Jimenez JP. Between the confusion of tongues and the gift of tongues: or working as a psychoanalyst in a foreign language. Int J Psychoanal. 2004;85:1365–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Oquendo MA. Psychiatric evaluation and psychotherapy in the patient’s second language. Psychiatr Serv. 1996;47(6):614–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Griner D, Smith TB. Culturally adapted mental health intervention: a meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy (Chic). 2006;43(4):531–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Meryam Schouler-Ocak .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Schouler-Ocak, M. (2020). The Role of Language in Intercultural Psychotherapy. In: Schouler-Ocak, M., Kastrup, M. (eds) Intercultural Psychotherapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24082-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24082-0_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24081-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-24082-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics