Abstract
In view of the growing proportion of immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers worldwide, knowledge on the influence of culture and migration on identity and mental health presents a substantial basis for effective therapy. Both concepts of health and disease and expectations about treatment depend on the patient’s cultural background, traditional values, personal experiences and social worlds, all of which are in a constant state of flux. This article addresses important topics in psychotherapy with immigrants in general, and refugee and asylum seeker patients in particular. The following issues, selected according to their relevance and actuality, are highlighted: psychological aspects of psychotherapy, psychotherapy in the patient’s native language, intercultural psychotherapy, bilingual psychotherapy and the use of an interpreter in the psychotherapeutical process.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Schouler-Ocak M. Mental health care for immigrants in GermanyNervenarzt. 2015a;86(11):1320–5.
Fiscella K, et al. Disparities in health care by race, ethnicity, and language among the insured: findings from a national sample. Med Care. 2002;40(1):52–9.
Bauer AM, Alegria M. Impact of patient language proficiency and interpreter service use on the quality of psychiatric care: a systematic review. Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61(8):765–73.
Falkai P, Wittchen U. Diagnostisches und Statistisches Manual Psychischer Störungen DSM-5®. 2. Korrigierte Auflage. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 2018.
Baarnhielm S, Aberg Wistedt A, Rosso MS. Revising psychiatric diagnostic categorisation of immigrant patients after using the cultural formulation in DSM-IV. Transcult Psychiatry. 2015;52(3):287–310.
Bischoff A, Denhaerynck K. What do language barriers cost? An exploratory study among asylum seekers in Switzerland. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:248.
Schouler-Ocak M. Intercultural trauma-centered psychotherapy and the application of the EMDR-method. In: Schouler-Ocak M, editor. Trauma and migration. New York: Springer; 2015b. p. 177–90.
Birck A, Winter D, Koch F. Diagnostik psychischer Folgen. In: Richtlinien für die Untersuchung von traumatisierten Flüchtlingen und Folteropfer. Bonn: Deutscher Psychologen Verlag; 2001. p. 39–53.
Özkan I. Problembereiche in der traumazentrierten Arbeit mit ethnischen Minoritäten. In: Sachsse U, Özkan I, Streeck-Fischer A, editors. Traumatherapie – Was ist erfolgreich? Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; 2002. p. 72–82.
Schouler-Ocak M, Reiske S-L, Rapp M, Heinz A. Cultural factors in the diagnosis and treatment of traumatised migrant patients from Turkey. Transcult Psychiatry. 2008;45(4):652–70.
Koch E, Hartkamp N, Siefen RG, Schouler-Ocak M. Patienten mit Migrationshintergrund in stationär-psychiatrischen Einrichtungen – Pilotstudie der Arbeitsgruppe „Psychiatrie und Migration“ der Bundesdirektorenkonferenz. Nervenarzt. 2008;79(3):328–39.
Pette M, Borde T, David M. Kenntnis über die Diagnose und Therapie ihrer Erkrankung bei deutschen und türkischstämmigen Patientinnen vor und nach einem Krankenhausaufenthalt. J Turkish German Gynecol Assoc. 2004;5(4):130–7. http://www.artemisonline.net/published/volume5/issue4/ErratumMPette5(4).pdf.
Yeo S. Language barriers and access to care. Ann Rev Nurs Res [serial on the Internet]. 2004;22. http://www.springerpub.com/samples/9780826141347_chapter.pdf.
Bhui K, Bhugra D. Explanatory models for mental distress: implications for clinical practice and research. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;181:6–7.
Kleinman A. Patients and healers in the context of culture: an exploration of the borderland between anthropology, medicine, and psychiatry. London: University of California Press; 1980.
Kleinman A. The illness narratives. Suffering, healing and the human condition. New York: Basic Books; 1988.
Penka S, Schouler-Ocak M, Heinz A, Kluge U. Interkulturelle Aspekte der Interaktion und Kommunikation im psychiatrisch/psychotherapeutischen Behandlungssetting – Mögliche Barrieren und Handlungsempfehlungen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt. 2012;55:1168. in Druck.
Penka S, Heimann H, Heinz A, Schouler-Ocak M. Explanatory models of addictive behaviour among native German, Russian-German, and Turkish youth. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23(Suppl 1):36–42.
Heinz A, Kluge U. Ethnologische Ansätze in der transkulturellen Psychiatrie. In: Machleidt W, Heinz A, editors. Praxis der interkulturellen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie: Migration und psychische Gesundheit. Munich: Elsevier; 2011. p. 27–32.
Vardar A, Kluge U, Penka S. How to express mental health problems-Turkish immgrants in Berlin compared to native Germans in Berlin and Turks in Istanbul. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(Suppl 2):50–6.
Gün AK. Interkulturelle Missverständnisse in der Psychotherapie. Gegenseitiges Verstehen zwischen einheimischen Therapeuten und türkeistämmigen Klienten. Freiburg im Breisgau: Lambertus Verlag; 2007.
Erim Y, Senf W. Psychotherapie mit Migranten. Interkulturelle Aspekte in der Psychotherapie. Psychotherapeut. 2002;47:336–46.
Erim Y. Psychotherapie mit Migranten ± Aspekte der interkulturellen Psychotherapie. In: Senf W, Broda M, editors. Praxis der Psychotherapie. Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag; 2005. p. 672–8.
Schlippe AV, El Hachimi M. Systemische Therapie und Supervision in multikulturellen Kontexten. System Familie. 2000;13(1):3–13.
Fisek G, Schepker R. Kontext-Bewusstsein in der transkulturellen Psychotherapie. Familiendynamik. 1997;22:396–413.
Morina N, Maier T, Schmid Mast M. Lost in translation? Psychotherapy using interpreters. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2010;60(3–4):104–10.
Rosenblum SM. The role of language in therapy: how bilingual/multilingual therapists experience their work with bilingual/multilingual clients. Theses, dissertations, and projects; 2011. p. 1013. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/1013.
Urdang E. Human behavior in the social environment: interweaving the inner and outer worlds. New York: Routledge; 2016.
Nikitin NZ. http://nadjacounselling.com/the-influence-of-language-in-psychotherapy/. Accessed 28 Sept 2018.
Amati-Mehler J, Argentieri S, Canestri J. The babel of the unconscious. Int J Psychoanal. 1990;71:569–83.
Morawa E, Erim Y. Traumatic events, posttraumatic stress disorder and utilization of psychotherapy in immigrants of polish origin in Germany. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2016;66(9-10):369–76.
Erim Y, Koch E. Psychiatric therapy in the native languagePsychiatr Prax. 2011;38(1):5–7.
Krapf EE. The choice of language in polyglot psychoanalysis. Psychoanal Q. 1955;24:343–57.
Tantam D. Therapist-patient interactions and expectations. In: Bhugra D, Bhui K, editors. Textbook of cultural psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007. p. S379–87.
Kahraman B. Therapeutische Beziehung und Kultur. In: Kahraman B, editor. Die kultursensible Therapiebeziehung. Gießen: Psychosozial Verlag; 2008. p. 59–76.
Pérez Foster R. The power of language in the clinical process: assessing and treating the bilingual person. Northvale: Jason Aronson Inc; 1998.
Javier RA. Linguistic considerations in the treatment of bilinguals. Psychoanal Psychol. 1989;6(1):87–96.
Canestri J, Reppen J. Development of affect in bilingual patients. Int J Psychoanal. 2000;81:153–5.
Greenson JR. The mother tongue and the mother. Int J Psychoanal. 1950;31:18–23.
Bamford KW. Bilingual issues in mental health assessment and treatment. Hisp J Behav Sci. 1991;13:377–90.
Pérez Foster R. Psychoanalysis and the bilingual patient: some observations on the influence of language choice on the transference. Psychoanal Psychol. 1992;9:61–76.
Pérez Foster R. Assessing the psychodynamic function of language in the bilingual patient. In: Pérez Foster R, Moskowitz M, Javier RA, editors. Reaching across boundaries of culture and class. Northvale: Jason Aronson Inc; 1996a. p. 243–63.
Pérez Foster R. The bilingual self: duet in two voices. Psychoanal Dialog. 1996b;6(1):99–121.
Aragno A, Schlachet PJ. Accessibility of early experience through the language of origin: a theoretical integration. Psychoanal Psychol. 1996;13:23–34.
Ramos-Sánchez L. Language switching and Mexican Americans’ emotional expression. J Multicult Couns Dev. 2007;35(3):154–68.
Sprowls C. Bilingual therapists’ perspectives of their language related selfexperiences during therapy (Doctoral dissertation, Our Lady of the Lake University, Texas, 2002). Diss Abstr Int. 2002;63(4):2076.
Costa B, Dewaele J-M. Psychotherapy across languages: beliefs, attitudes and practices of monolingual and multilingual therapists with their multilingual patients. Lang Psychoanal. 2012;1:19–41.
Pavlenko A. Bilingual selves. In: Pavlenko A, editor. Bilingual minds: emotional experience, expression, and representation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters; 2006. p. 1–33.
Dewaele J-M, Nakano S. Multilinguals’ perceptions of feeling different when switching languages. J Multiling Multicult Dev. 2012; https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2012.712133.
Harris CL. When is a first language more emotional? In: Pavlenko A, editor. Bilingual minds: emotional experience, expression, and representation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters; 2006. p. 257–83.
Dewaele J-M. Emotions in multiple languages. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2010.
Djakonova-Curtis D. Bilingualism as a tool in psychotherapy. Psychother Bull. 2016;51(4):38–42.
Tehrani, Vaughan. Lost in translation – using bilingual differences to increase emotional mastery following bullying. Couns Psychother Res. 2009;9:11–7.
Alessi MW. The experience of being asked, “how is it that you speak Spanish so well?”: a critical incident for a bilingual therapist (Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University, 2000). Diss Abstr Int. 2000;61(9):4968.
Burck C. Living in several languages: implications for therapy. J Fam Ther. 2004;26:314–39.
Verdinelli S. Narratives of bilingual counsellors (Doctoral dissertation, Our Lady of the Lake University, Texas, 2006). Diss Abstr Int. 2006;67. Retrieved 3 Nov 2007, from ProQuest Digital Dissertations database, AAT 3211711.
Sella E. Countertransference and empathy: the perceptions and experiences of polyglot immigrant clinicians, who, working with monolingual or bilingual immigrant children, are practicing in a language that is not their mother tongue (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 2006). Diss Abstr Int. 2006;67(8).
Skulic T. Language of psychotherapy: the therapist’s bilingualism in the psychotherapeutic proces. 2007. http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/514/SkulicT.pdf?sequence=3_. Accessed 28 Sept 2018.
Marcos LR, Urcuyo L. Dynamic psychotherapy with the bilingual patient. Am J Psychother. 1979;33:331–8.
de Zulueta F. Bilingualism and family therapy. J Family Ther. 1990;12:255–65.
Mahoney PJ. Note: Freud and translation. American Imago. 2001;58(4):837–40.
Jimenez JP. Between the confusion of tongues and the gift of tongues: or working as a psychoanalyst in a foreign language. Int J Psychoanal. 2004;85:1365–77.
Oquendo MA. Psychiatric evaluation and psychotherapy in the patient’s second language. Psychiatr Serv. 1996;47(6):614–8.
Griner D, Smith TB. Culturally adapted mental health intervention: a meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy (Chic). 2006;43(4):531–48.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schouler-Ocak, M. (2020). The Role of Language in Intercultural Psychotherapy. In: Schouler-Ocak, M., Kastrup, M. (eds) Intercultural Psychotherapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24082-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24082-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24081-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-24082-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)