Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Wearable Devices and IoT

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
A Handbook of Internet of Things in Biomedical and Cyber Physical System

Part of the book series: Intelligent Systems Reference Library ((ISRL,volume 165))

Abstract

Wearable devices are the significant ubiquitous technology of the Internet of Things in day-to-day life. The efficient data processing in various devices such as smart clothes, smart wristwear and medical wearables along with consumer-oriented service of the IoT technology becomes inevitable in smart healthcare systems. The wearable market is currently dominated by health, safety, interaction, tracker, identity, fitness etc. Wearables increase the convergence of physical and digital world which automatically bring people into the IoT. The popularity of wearable devices is growing exponentially since it entirely changes the way how the consumers interact with the environment. 74% people believe that the wearable sensors assist them in interacting with the physical objects around them. Henceforth, one out of three smartphone users will wear minimum 5 wearables in 2020. Moreover, 60% believe that wearables in the next five years will be used not only to track health related information, although it can be used to control objects, unlock doors, authenticate identity and transactions. Wearables must be evolved to cope with the future to meet the expectations of consumers, where the users will wear many devices that is connected with the internet to interact with the physical surroundings and receive data in a seamless secure way. By 2021, smartwatches are estimated to be sold to nearly 81 million units which signifies 16% sales of total wearable device. According to the latest figure of Gartner report, the global shipment of wearable devices are anticipated to raise by 25.8% every year to $225 million (GBP 176.3 million) in 2019. Researchers also forecasted that the usage of wearable devices by the end users will increase to $42 billion (GBP 32.9 million) in 2019. In recent years, the IoT based Smart Healthcare system has influenced greatly on growing demand of wearable devices. In fact, the Wearable IoT (WIoT) devices are generating huge volume of personal health data. Enabling technologies such as cloud computing, Fog computing and Big Data play vital role in leveraging WIoT services. These enabling services over the voluminous health data enhance clinical process at health care system at remote or local servers. The traditional remote healthcare information system involves data transfer, signal processing mechanism and naive machine learning models deployed on remote server to process the medical data of patients. This technique has several demerits like they are not suitable for resource constrained wearable IoT devices. The resources such as processing, memory, energy, networking capability are limited in WIoT devices. Traditional mechanism lacks optimization of resource usage, prediction of medical condition, and dynamic assessment based on available information. Further, the naive machine learning techniques does not perform knowledge generation, decision making and discover hidden valuable patterns from the available medical data. The integrated platform in which cloud computing serves as backend computing systems, Fog computing as edge computing and Big data as platform for data analysis, knowledge generation promise to provide valid solution to several issues of Wearable IoT devices. Next, the health data generated through WIoT devices are personal and sensitive. Hence, the security and privacy of such delicate data at all level of WIoT ecosystem is essential. This part of chapter will contribute towards understanding the recent research work, issues, challenges, and opportunities in applying enabling technologies for WIoT. Also, how well the security and privacy can be incorporated is also discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Vidal, M., Turner, J., Bulling, A., Gellersen, H.: Wearable eye tracking for mental health monitoring. Comput. Commun. 35(11), 1306–1311 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Wijsman, J., Grundlehner, B., Liu, H., Hermens, H., Penders, J.: Towards mental stress detection using wearable physiological sensors. In: Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC, 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE, pp. 1798–1801. IEEE, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  3. Yang, Z., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Huang, C., Zhang, Q.: Wearables can afford: light-weight indoor positioning with visible light. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, pp. 317–330. ACM, 2015

    Google Scholar 

  4. Lee, Y.H., Medioni, G.: RGB-D camera based wearable navigation system for the visually impaired. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 149, 3–20 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Forbes Inc.: Wearable tech is plugging into health insurance (2014). https://www.forbes.com

  6. Anzaldo, D.: Wearable sports technology—market landscape and compute SoC trends. In: 2015 International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC), pp. 217–218. IEEE, 2015

    Google Scholar 

  7. Apple Inc.: Apple Pay: simple, secure and private (2016). https://www.apple.com/apple-pay/

  8. Visa Inc.: Payment technology (2016). https://www.visa.com.au/visa-everywhere/future-of-payments.html

  9. IDC Research, Inc.: IDC forecasts worldwide shipments of wearables to surpass 200 million in 2019, driven by strong smartwatch growth and the emergence of smarter watches (2016). https://www.idc.com

  10. Gartner Inc.: Gartner says worldwide wearable devices sales to grow 18.4% in 2016 (2016). http://www.gartner.com

  11. Wearable technology market—global opportunity analysis and industry forecast, 2014–2022 (2017). http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/

  12. Shaffer D.W. et al.: What is digital medicine?, Stud. Health Technol. Inform., 195–204 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Mukhopadhyay, S.C.: Wearable sensors for human activity monitoring: a review. IEEE Sensors J. 15, 1321–1330 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Patel, S., et al.: A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 9, 21 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Park, S., Jayaraman, S.: Enhancing the quality of life through wearable technology. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 22, 4148 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  16. US National Intelligence Council: Disruptive Technologies Global Trends 2025: Six Technologies with Potential Impacts on US Interests Out to 2025 [Online] (2008). Available: http://www.fas.org/irp/nic/disruptive.pdf

  17. Vinge V.: “Who’s Afraid of First Movers?”, The Singularity Summit, San Francisco, CA, USA [Online] (13–14 Oct. 2012). Available: http://singularitysummit.com/schedule/

  18. Evans D.: The Internet of Things. Cisco Blog [Online] (2011). Available: http://blogs.cisco.com/news/the-internet-of-things-infographic/

  19. Brand T.: Connected Living: The Next Wave of Mobile Devices. GSMA Ministerial Programme. [Online] (2012). Available: http://www.gsma.com/connectedliving/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/thenextwaveofmobiledevices.pdf

  20. Wu-Zhao, Liu L., Huang Y., Wu X.: A community health service architecture based on the internet of things on health-care. In: World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 39, pp. 1317–1320, 2013

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hernande, J., Li, Y., Rehg, J.M., Picar, R.: BioGlass: physiological parameter estimation using a headmounted wearable device. Presented at EAI international conference wireless mobile communication healthcare (Mobihealth), 4th, Athens, Greece (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Evena Med.: Eyes-on glasses 3.0 (2015). https://evenamed.com/eyes-on-glasses/

  23. Columbia Univ. Med. Cent.: New ‘smart’ contact lens could improve vision, predict glaucoma risk. Mar. 14 (2015). http://newsroom.cumc.columbia.edu/blog/headline/new-smart-contact-lens-improvevision-predict-glaucoma-risk/

  24. Spree Wearables.: SmartCap (2015). http://spreewearables.com/

  25. IMEC.: Wearable EEG solutions (2015). http://www.imec-int.com/drupal/sites/default/files/2017-02/EEG%20HEADSET%202.pdf

  26. Pancreum.: Wearable pancreas (2015). http://pancreum.com/index.html

  27. Caplan, R.D., Jones, K.W.: Effects of work load, role ambiguity, and type A personality on anxiety, depression, and heart rate. J. Appl. Psychol. 60, 713 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Snyder, F., et al.: Changes in respiration, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure in human sleep. J. Appl. Physiol. 19, 417422 (1964)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Buchman, T.G., et al.: Heart rate variability in critical illness and critical care. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care 8, 311–315 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Obrist, P.A., et al.: The relationship among heart rate, carotid dP/dt, and blood pressure in humans as a function of the type of stress. Psychophysiology 15, 102–115 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Parati, G., et al.: Evaluation of the baroreceptor-heart rate reflex by 24-hour intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring in humans. Hypertension 12, 214–222 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Seccareccia, F., et al.: Heart rate as a predictor of mortality: the MATISS project. Am. J. Public Health 91, 1258–1263 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Asada, H.H., et al.: Mobile monitoring with wearable photoplethysmographic biosensors. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 22, 28–40 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. J. Pansiot et al.: Ambient and wearable sensor fusion for activity recognition in healthcare monitoring systems. In: IFMBE Proceedings of the BSN, pp. 208–212 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Chance, B.: User-wearable hemoglobinometer for measuring the metabolic condition of a subject, ed: Google Patents (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Poon, C.C., et al.: A novel biometrics method to secure wireless body area sensor networks for telemedicine and m-health. IEEE Commun. Mag. 44, 73–81 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Bhatt, S., Patwa, F., & Sandhu, R.: An access control framework for cloud-enabled wearable internet of things. In: 2017 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Collaboration and Internet Computing (CIC), pp. 328–338. IEEE (2017, October)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fortino, G., Pathan, M., Di Fatta, G.: BodyCloud: integration of cloud computing and body sensor networks. In: 4th IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science Proceedings, pp. 851–856. IEEE (2012, December)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hao, Y., Helo, P.: The role of wearable devices in meeting the needs of cloud manufacturing: a case study. Robot. Comput.-Integr. Manuf. 45, 168–179 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Hasan, R., Khan, R.: A cloud you can wear: towards a mobile and wearable personal cloud. In: 2016 IEEE 40th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), Vol. 1, pp. 823–828. IEEE (2016, June)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Chen, M., Ma, Y., Li, Y., Wu, D., Zhang, Y., Youn, C.H.: Wearable 2.0: enabling human-cloud integration in next generation healthcare systems. IEEE Commun. Mag. 55(1), 54–61 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Seneviratne, S., Hu, Y., Nguyen, T., Lan, G., Khalifa, S., Thilakarathna, K., Seneviratne, A.: A survey of wearable devices and challenges. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 19(4), 2573–2620 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Charalampidis, P., Tragos, E., Fragkiadakis, A.: A fog-enabled IoT platform for efficient management and data collection. In 2017 IEEE 22nd International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2017, June)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Park, J.E., Park, Y.H.: Fog-based file sharing for secure and efficient file management in personal area network with heterogeneous wearable devices. J. Commun. Netw. 20(3), 279–290 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Borthakur, D., Dubey, H., Constant, N., Mahler, L., Mankodiya, K.. Smart fog: fog computing framework for unsupervised clustering analytics in wearable internet of things. In: 2017 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP), pp. 472–476. IEEE (2017, November)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Name, H.A.M., Oladipo, F.O., Ariwa, E. User mobility and resource scheduling and management in fog computing to support IoT devices. In: 2017 Seventh International Conference on Innovative Computing Technology (INTECH), pp. 191–196. IEEE (2017, August)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Taneja, M., Davy, A.: Resource aware placement of IoT application modules in fog-cloud computing paradigm. In: 2017 IFIP/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network and Service Management (IM), pp. 1222–1228. IEEE (2017, May)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Mezghani, E., Exposito, E., Drira, K., Da Silveira, M., Pruski, C.: A semantic big data platform for integrating heterogeneous wearable data in healthcare. J. Med. Syst. 39(12), 185 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Zhou, F., Jiao, J. R., Chen, S., Zhang, D.: A case-driven ambient intelligence system for elderly in-home assistance applications. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern., Part C (Appl. Rev.), 41(2), 179–189 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Lin, K., Xia, F., Wang, W., Tian, D., Song, J.: System design for big data application in emotion-aware healthcare. IEEE Access 4, 6901–6909 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Jiang, P., Winkley, J., Zhao, C., Munnoch, R., Min, G., Yang, L.T.: An intelligent information forwarder for healthcare big data systems with distributed wearable sensors. IEEE Syst. J. 10(3), 1147–1159 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Ometov, A., Masek, P., Malina, L., Florea, R., Hosek, J., Andreev, Koucheryavy, Y.: Feasibility characterization of cryptographic primitives for constrained (wearable) IoT devices. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication Workshops (PerCom Workshops), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2016, March)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Cai, H., Yun, T., Hester, J., Venkatasubramanian, K.K.: Deploying data-driven security solutions on resource-constrained wearable IoT systems. In: 2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), pp. 199–204. IEEE (2017, June)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Sun, F., Mao, C., Fan, X., Li, Y.: Accelerometer-based speed-adaptive gait authentication method for wearable IoT devices. IEEE Internet Things J. 6(1), 820–830 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Shen, Y., Yang, F., Du, B., Xu, W., Luo, C., Wen, H.: Shake-n-shack: enabling secure data exchange between smart wearables via handshakes. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom), pp. 1–10. IEEE (2018, March)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Usman, M., Asghar, M.R., Ansari, I.S., Qaraqe, M.: Security in wireless body area networks: from in-body to off-body communications. IEEE Access 6, 58064–58074 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    T. Poongodi, R. Indrakumari & Balamurugan Balusamy

  2. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Delhi, India

    Rajalakshmi Krishnamurthi

  3. School of Mechanical Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    P. Suresh

Authors
  1. T. Poongodi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rajalakshmi Krishnamurthi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. Indrakumari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P. Suresh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Balamurugan Balusamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. Poongodi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Automatics and Applied Software, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Arad, Romania

    Valentina E. Balas

  2. Department of CSE, CMR Institute of Technology (Autonomous), Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    Vijender Kumar Solanki

  3. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, LNCT Group of College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Raghvendra Kumar

  4. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Md. Atiqur Rahman Ahad

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Poongodi, T., Krishnamurthi, R., Indrakumari, R., Suresh, P., Balusamy, B. (2020). Wearable Devices and IoT. In: Balas, V., Solanki, V., Kumar, R., Ahad, M. (eds) A Handbook of Internet of Things in Biomedical and Cyber Physical System. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, vol 165. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23983-1_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23983-1_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-23982-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-23983-1

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation