Skip to main content

Pornography and Sexual Violence

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Sexual Assault and Sexual Assault Prevention

Abstract

The availability, affordability, and accessibility of today’s pornography are ubiquitous. As rates of pornography use and the interactivity of the media have increased, their effects are becoming better understood. In this chapter, we review relevant research on the connection between sexual violence and pornography. We begin by discussing the general link between pornography use and violent behavior. Next, we explore the effects of pornography on adolescents. Later, we discuss how on-camera consent normalizes the violent behaviors. Next, we discuss violence in pornography across culture, gender inequality, and various types of pornography. When discussing pornography and men’s perpetration of sexual violence, we emphasize the importance of preexisting risk factors for sexual violence. Later, we discuss how pornography and bystander intervention intersect, abuse in intimate relationships, and vicious cycles of harm. Finally, we discuss children who appear in pornography and children who use pornography.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexy, E. M., Burgess, A. W., & Prentky, R. A. (2009). Pornography use as a risk marker for an aggressive pattern of behavior among sexually reactive children and adolescents. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 14, 442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, M., D’Alessio, D., Emmers, T. M., & Gebhardt, L. (1996). The role of educational briefings in mitigating effects of experimental exposure to violent sexually explicit material: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Sex Research, 33(2), 135–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arakawa, D. R., Flanders, C., & Hatfield, E. (2012). Are variations in gender equality evident in pornography? A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(2), 279–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babchishin, K. M., Hanson, R. K., & VanZuylen, H. (2014). Online child pornography offenders are different: A meta-analysis of the characteristics of online and offline sex offenders against children. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 45–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, J. L., Kohut, T., & Fisher, W. A. (2015). Is pornography use associated with anti-woman sexual aggression? Re-examining the Confluence Model with third variable considerations. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 24(2), 160–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouffard, L. A. (2010). Exploring the utility of entitlement in understanding sexual aggression. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(5), 870–879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite, S., Coulson, G., Keddington, K., & Fincham, F. (2015). The influence of pornography on sexual scripts and hooking up among emerging adults in college. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 111–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun-Courville, D. K., & Rojas, M. (2009). Exposure to explicit web sites and adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 156–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, A. J., & Anton, C. (2013). Pornography and violence against women. In Violence against girls and women: international perspectives (pp. 183–206).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, A. J., Wosnitzer, R., Scharrer, E., Sun, C., & Liberman, R. (2010). Aggression and sexual behavior in best-selling pornography videos: A content analysis update. Violence Against Women, 16(10), 1065–1085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. D., & L’Engle, K. L. (2009). X-rated: Sexual attitudes and behaviors associated with U.S. early adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit media. Communication Research, 36(1), 129–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J., Busby, D., Willoughby, B., & Brown, C. (2017). The porn gap: Differences in men’s and women’s pornography patterns in couple relationships. Journal of Couple and Relationship Therapy, 16(2), 146–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clevenger, S. L., Navarro, J. N., & Jasinski, J. L. (2016). A matter of low self-control? Exploring differences between child pornography possessors and child pornography producers/distributers using self-control theory. Sexual Abuse, 28, 555–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K. C., Norris, J., George, W. H., Martell, J., & Heiman, J. R. (2006). Rape-myth congruent beliefs in women resulting from exposure to violent pornography: Effects of alcohol and sexual arousal. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(9), 1208–1223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeKeseredy, W. S. (2014). Thinking critically about adult pornography and woman abuse: New progressive directions in research, theory, and policy. Paper presented at the National Deviancy Conference, Teeside University.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeKeseredy, W. S. (2015). Critical criminological understandings of adult pornography and woman abuse new progressive directions in research and theory. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 4(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • DeKeseredy, W. S. (2016). Pornography and violence against women. In C. A. Cuevas & C. M. Dennison (Eds.), The Wiley handbook on the psychology of violence (1st ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeKeseredy, W. S., & Hall-Sanchez, A. (2017). Adult pornography and violence against women in the heartland: Results from a rural Southeast Ohio study. Violence Against Women, 23(7), 830–849.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeKeseredy, W. S., & Olsson, P. (2011). Adult pornography, male peer support, and violence against women: The contribution of the “dark side” of the internet. In M. V. Martin, M. A. Garcia-Ruiz, & A. Edwards (Eds.), Technology for facilitating humanity and combating social deviations: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dines, G. (2010). Pornland: How porn has hijacked our sexuality. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foubert, J. D. (2017). How pornography harms: What teens, Young adults, parents and pastors need to know. Boston: LifeRich Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foubert, J. D., & Bridges, A. J. (2017). What is the attraction? Pornography use motives in relation to bystander intervention. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(20), 3071–3089.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foubert, J. D., Brosi, M. W., & Bannon, R. S. (2011). Pornography viewing among fraternity men: Effects on bystander intervention, rape myth acceptance and behavioral intent to commit sexual assault. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 18(4), 212–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foubert, J. D., & Rizzo, A. J. (2013). Integrating religiosity and pornography use into the prediction of bystander efficacy and willingness to prevent sexual assault. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 41(3), 242–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, N., & Paul, B. (2017). From orgasms to spanking: A content analysis of the agentic and objectifying sexual scripts in feminist, for women, and mainstream pornography. Sex Roles, 77(9–10), 639–652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon, J. H., & Simon, W. (2005). Sexual conduct: The social sources of human sexuality. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman, S., Monk-Turner, E., & Fish, J. N. (2010). Free adult internet web sites: How prevalent are degrading acts? Gender Issues, 27(3–4), 131–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Häggström-Nordin, E., Sandberg, J., Hanson, U., & Tyde’n, T. (2006). “It’s everywhere”: Young Swedish people’s thoughts and reflections about pornography. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 20, 386–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hald, G., & Malamuth, M. (2015). Experimental effects of exposure to pornography: The moderating effect of personality and mediating effect of sexual arousal. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 99–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hald, G. M., Kuyper, L., Adam, P. C. G., & Wit, J. B. F. (2013). Does viewing explain doing? Assessing the association between sexually explicit materials use and sexual behaviors in a large sample of Dutch adolescents and young adults. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(12), 2986–2995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hald, G. M., Malamuth, N. N., & Lange, T. (2013). Pornography and sexist attitudes among heterosexuals. Journal of Communication, 63(4), 638–660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henshaw, M., Ogloff, J. R. P., & Clough, J. A. (2017). Looking beyond the screen: A critical review of the literature on the online child pornography offender. Sexual Abuse, 29(5), 416–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Internet Watch Foundation & Microsoft. (2015). Emerging Patterns and Trends Report #1 Youth-Produced Sexual Content.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs, C., & Fisher, W. (2008). A computer based educational intervention to address potential negative effects of Internet pornography. Journal of Communication Studies, 59(1), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kernsmith, P. D., & Kernsmither, R. M. (2009). Female pornography use and sexual coercion perpetration. Deviant Behavior, 30, 589–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kingston, D., Malamuth, N., Fedoroff, P., & Marshall, W. (2009). The importance of individual differences in pornography use: Theoretical perspectives and implications for treating sexual offenders. Journal of Sex Research, 46(2–3), 216–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen, M. J., & Peter, J. (2015). Gender (in) equality in Internet pornography: A content analysis of popular pornographic Internet videos. The Journal of Sex Research, 52(7), 721–735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laier, C., Schulte, F., & Brand, M. (2012). Pornographic picture processing interferes with working memory performance. The Journal of Sex Research, 50(7), 642–652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landripet, I. (2016). Perceived pornography realism as a mediator of the association between pornography use and problematic sexual behavior among male adolescents. In 13th Congress of the European Federation of Sexology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lo, V., & Wei, R. (2005). Exposure to internet pornography and Taiwanese Adolescents’ sexual attitudes and behavior. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49(2), 221–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malamuth, N., Hald, M., & Koss, G. (2012). Pornography, individual differences in risk and men’s acceptance of violence against women in a representative sample. Sex Roles, 66(7), 427–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malamuth, N., & Huppin, M. (2005). Pornography and teenagers: The importance of individual differences. Adolescent Medicine Clinics, 16(2), 315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malamuth, N. M., & Impett, E. A. (2001). Research on sex and the media: What do we know about effects on children and adolescents? In D. G. Singer & J. L. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of children and the media (pp. 269–287). Thousand Oak, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKibbin, G., Humphreys, C., & Hamilton, B. (2017). “Talking about child sexual abuse would have helped me”: Young people who sexually abused reflect on preventing harmful sexual behavior. Child Abuse & Neglect, 70, 210–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mikorski, R. M., & Szymanski, D. (2017). Masculine norms, peer group, pornography, Facebook, and men’s sexual objectification of women. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 18(4), 257–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, E., Behun, R., Manning, J., & Reid, R. (2012). The impact of internet pornography on adolescents: A review of the research. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 19(1–2), 99–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. (2016). Adolescents and pornography: A review of 20 years of research. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(4–5), 509–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2006). Adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit material on the internet. Communication Research, 33, 178–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2008). Adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit internet material and sexual preoccupancy: A three-wave panel study. Media Psychology, 11, 207–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2010). Adolescents’ use of sexually explicit internet material and sexual uncertainty: The role of involvement and gender. Communication Monographs, 77, 357–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romero-Sánchez, M., Toro-García, V., Horvath, M., & Megías, J. (2017). More than a magazine: Exploring the links between lads’ mags, rape myth acceptance, and rape proclivity. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(4), 515–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romito, P., & Beltramini, L. (2011). Watching pornography: Gender differences, violence and victimization. An exploratory study in Italy. Violence Against Women, 17(10), 1313–1326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ropelato, J. (2010). Internet pornography statistics. Retrieved from TopTenReviews.com

  • Rudman, L., & Mescher, K. (2012). Of animals and objects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(6), 734–746.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabina, C., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2008). The nature and dynamics of internet pornography exposure for youth. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 11, 691–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seto, M. C., Hermann, C. A., Kjellgren, C., Priebe, G., Sveden, C., & Langstro, N. (2014). Viewing child pornography: Prevalence and correlates in a representative community sample of young Swedish men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 67–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shim, J. W., Kwon, M., & Cheng, H. I. (2015). Analysis of representation of sexuality on women’s and men’s pornographic websites. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 43(1), 53–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, L., Simons, R., Lei, M.-K., & Sutton, T. (2012). Exposure to harsh parenting and pornography as explanations for males’ sexual coercion and females’ sexual victimization. Violence and Victims, 27(3), 378–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smid, W., Schepers, K., Kamphuis, J. H., van Linden, S., & Bartling, S. (2015). Prioritizing child pornography notifications: Predicting direct victimization. Sexual Abuse, 27(4), 398–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. K., Thompson, F., & Davidson, J. (2014). Cyber safety for adolescent girls: Bullying, harassment, sexting, pornography, and solicitation. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 26(5), 360–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, N., Barter, C., Wood, M., Aghtaie, N., Larkins, C., Lanau, A., & Overlien, C. (2018). Pornography, sexual coercion and abuse and sexting in young people’s intimate relationships: A European study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(19), 2919–2944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, C., Bridges, A., Johnson, J., & Ezzell, M. (2016). Pornography and the male sexual script: An analysis of consumption and sexual relations. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(4), 995–995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, C., Ezzell, M., & Kendall, O. (2017). Naked aggression: The meaning and practice of ejaculating on a Woman’s face. Violence Against Women; Thousand Oaks, 23(14), 1710–1729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullen, M. (2014). Pornography and its critical reception: Toward a theory of masturbation. Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media, 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valkenburg, P. M. (2010). Processes underlying the effects of adolescents’ use of sexually explicit internet material: The role of perceived realism. Communication Research, 37, 375–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oosten, J., Jochen, P., & Vandenbosch, L. (2017). Adolescents’ Sexual Media Use and willingness to engage in casual sex: differential relations and underlying processes. Human Communication Research, 43(1), 127–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenbosch, L., & Van Oosten, M. (2018). Explaining the relationship between sexually explicit internet material and casual sex: A two-step mediation model of perceived utility and instrumental attitudes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(2), 150–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vannier, S. A., Currie, A. B., & O’Sullivan, L. F. (2014). Schoolgirls and soccer moms: A content analysis of free “teen” and “MILF” online pornography. The Journal of Sex Research, 51(3), 253–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, V., & Malamuth, N. (2007). Predicting sexual aggression: The role of pornography in the context of general and specific risk factors. Aggressive Behavior, 33(2), 104–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A., Makin, D., & Morczek, A. (2016). Finding Lolita: A comparative analysis of interest in youth-oriented pornography. Sexuality & Culture, 20(3), 657–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wery, A., & Billieux, J. (2016). Online sexual activities: An exploratory study of problematic and non-problematic usage patterns in a sample of men. Computers in Human Behavior, 56(March), 257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whisnant, R. (2016). “But what about feminist porn?” Examining the work of Tristan Taormino. Sexualization, Media, & Society, 2(2), 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby, B., Carroll, J., Busby, J., & Brown, S. (2016). Differences in pornography use among couples: Associations with satisfaction, stability, and relationship processes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(1), 145–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby, B., Young-Petersen, B., & Leonhardt, N. (2018). Exploring trajectories of pornography use through adolescence and emerging adulthood. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(3), 297–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., & Mitchell, K. (2011). Child pornography possessors: Trends in offender and case characteristics. Sexual Abuse, 23(1), 22–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2006). Preventing child maltreatment: A guide to taking action and generating evidence. Geneva: World Health Organization and International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P. (2011). Mass media effects on youth sexual behavior assessing the claim for causality. Annals of the International Communication Association, 35(1), 343–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P., & Bae, J. (2015). A national prospective study of pornography consumption and gendered attitudes toward women. Sexuality & Culture, 19(3), 444–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P., Sun, C., Steffen, N., & Tokunaga, R. (2015). Pornography, alcohol, and male sexual dominance. Communication Monographs, 82(2), 252–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P. J. (2014). Pornography and the sexual socialization of children: Current knowledge and a theoretical future. Journal of Children and Media, 8(3), 305–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P. J., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2017). Women’s perceptions of their male partners’ pornography consumption and relational, sexual, self, and body satisfaction: Toward a theoretical model. Annals of the International Communication Association, 42(1), 55–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ybarra, M., & Thompson, R. (2018). Predicting the emergence of sexual violence in adolescence. Prevention Science, 19(4), 403–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Y., & Paul, B. (2016). Lotus blossom or dragon lady: A content analysis of “Asian women” online pornography. Sexuality & Culture, 20(4), 1083–1100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Foubert, J.D., Blanchard, W., Houston, M., Williams, R.R. (2019). Pornography and Sexual Violence. In: O’Donohue, W.T., Schewe, P.A. (eds) Handbook of Sexual Assault and Sexual Assault Prevention. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23645-8_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics