Skip to main content

Food Processing By-Products and Waste: Potential Applications as Emulsifiers and Stabilizers

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Processing and consuming a food material results in the rejection of a substantial percentage of its initial biomass. Focusing on plants, this rejected part can be in the form of skin and seeds, of unchosen crops or plant parts, of pomaces, or of unconsumed foodstuff, among other forms. Efforts to reclaim highly valuable additives in the form of thickeners or emulsifiers from such sources remain typically associated with the pectins produced by the relevant parts of apples and of some other fruits. A growing body of work exists, however, on the extraction, purification, and characterization of novel thickeners and, to an extent, of novel emulsifiers from other food processing by-products and from food waste. This chapter outlines the current state of the art in this field, focusing on the relation between the extraction procedures and the end products, the methodologies of purification and fractionation, aspects of the physicochemical characterization of the end products, and their applications. This is followed by a critical discussion on the future trends for the reclaim and use of novel green-label thickeners and emulsifiers from such sources and their dynamics against established market products.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alba, K., Ritzoulis, C., Georgiadis, N., & Kontogiorgos, V. (2013). Okra extracts as emulsifiers for acidic emulsions. Food Research International, 54, 1730–1737.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alba, K., Sagis, L. M. C., & Kontogiorgos, V. (2016). Engineering of acidic O/W formulations with pectin. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 145, 301–308.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Q., Hu, Z., Yao, F. Y. D., & Liang, H. (2016). Study of two–stage microwave extraction of essential oil and pectin from pomelo peels. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 66, 538–545.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, C., Sher, A., Rousset, P., & McClements, D. J. (2017). Use of natural emulsifiers in model coffee creamers: Physical properties of quillaja saponin–stabilized emulsions. Food Hydrocolloids, 67, 111–119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coelho, E. M., Gomes, R. G., Machado, B. A. S., Oliveira, R. S., dos Santos Lima, M., de Azêvedo, L. C., & Guez, M. A. U. (2017). Passion fruit peel flour–technological properties and application in food products. Food Hydrocolloids, 62, 158–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, A. L. R., Gomes, A., Tibolla, H., Menagalli, F. C., & Cunha, R. L. (2018). Cellulose nanofibers from banana peels as a Pickering emulsifier: High–energy emulsification processes. Carbohydrate Polymers, 194, 122–131.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Morais Teixeira, E., Bondancia, T. J., Teodoro, K. B. R., Corrêa, A. C., Marconcini, J. M., & Mattoso, L. H. C. (2011). Sugarcane bagasse whiskers: Extraction and characterizations. Industrial Crops and Products, 33, 63–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, E., Ritzoulis, C., Yamamoto, Y., & Logan, H. (1999). Ostwald ripening of protein-stabilized emulsions: Effect of transglutaminase crosslinking. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointefaces, 12, 139–146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Filotheou, A., Ritzoulis, C., Avgidou, M., Kalogianni, E., Pavlou, A., & Panayiotou, C. (2015). Novel emulsifiers from olive processing solid waste. Food Hydrocolloids, 48, 274–281.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiadis, N., Ritzoulis, C., Sioura, G., Kornezou, P., Vasiliadou, C., & Tsioptsias, C. (2011). Contribution of okra extracts to the stability and rheology of oil–in–water emulsions. Food Hydrocolloids, 25, 991–999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiadis, N., Ritzoulis, C., Charchari, E., Koukiotis, C., Tsioptsias, C., & Vasiliadou, C. (2012). Isolation, characterization and emulsion stabilizing properties of polysaccharides from orchid roots (salep). Food Hydrocolloids, 28, 68–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gestranius, M., Stenius, P., Kontturi, E., Sjöblom, J., & Tammelin, T. (2017). Phase behaviour and droplet size of oil–in–water Pickering emulsions stabilised with plant–derived nanocellulosic materials. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 519, 60–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Ramirez, A., Salas-Veizaga, D. M., Grey, C., Karlsson, E. N., Rodriguez-Meizoso, I., & Linares-Pastén, J. A. (2018). Integrated process for sequential extraction of saponins, xylan and cellulose from quinoa stalks (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Industrial Crops and Products, 121, 54–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, J., Garcia-Garcia, G., & Wolf, B. (2017). Pickering particles prepared from food waste. Materials, 9, 791.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grassino, A. N., Brnčić, M., Vikić-Topić, D., Roca, S., Dent, M., & Brnčić, S. R. (2016). Ultrasound assisted extraction and characterization of pectin from tomato waste. Food Chemistry, 198, 93–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Habibi, Y., Mahrouz, M., & Vignon, M. R. (2009). Microfibrillated cellulose from the peel of prickly pear fruits. Food Chemistry, 115, 423–429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosseini, S. S., Khodaiyan, F., & Yarmand, M. S. (2016). Optimization of microwave assisted extraction of pectin from sour orange peel and its physicochemical properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 140, 59–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jablonský, M., Škulcová, A., Malvis, A., & Šima, J. (2018). Extraction of value–added components from food industry based and agro–forest biowastes by deep eutectic solvents. Journal of Biotechnology, 282, 46–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jafari, F., Khodaiyan, F., Kiani, H., & Hosseini, S. S. (2017). Pectin from carrot pomace: Optimization of extraction and physicochemical properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 157, 1315–1322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiri, N., & Fathi, M. (2018). Production of cellulose nanocrystals from pistachio shells and their application for stabilizing Pickering emulsions. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 106, 1023–1031.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khawas, P., & Deka, S. C. (2016). Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from culinary banana peel using high–intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical treatment. Carbohydrate Polymers, 137, 608–616.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., Wei, X., Wang, Q., Chen, J., Chang, G., Kong, L., Su, J., & Liu, Y. (2012). Homogeneous isolation of nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse by high pressure homogenization. Carbohydrate Polymers, 90, 1609–1613.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Liu, T., Fan, H., Gou, M., Li, G., Ren, H., Wang, D., & Cheng, Z. (2018). Corn lecithin for injection from deoiled corn germ: Extraction, composition, and emulsifying properties. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 120, 1700288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, F., Zhang, Y., Yao, Y., Wen, Y., Hu, W., Zhang, J., Liu, X., Bell, A. E., & Tikkanen-Kaukanen, C. (2017). Chemical components and emulsification properties of mucilage from Dioscorea opposita Thunb. Food Chemistry, 228, 315–322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malik, M. A., Sharma, H. K., & Saini, C. S. (2017). High intensity ultrasound treatment of protein isolate extracted from dephenolized sunflower meal: Effect on physicochemical and functional properties. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 39, 511–519.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marić, M., Grassino, A. N., Zhu, Z., Barba, F. J., Brnčićb, M., & Brnčić, S. R. (2018). An overview of the traditional and innovative approaches for pectin extraction from plant food wastes and by–products: Ultrasound–, microwaves–, and enzyme–assisted extraction. Trends in Food Process and Technology, 72, 28–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naik, M. K., Naik, S. N., & Mohanty, S. (2014). Enzymatic glycerolysis for conversion of sunflower oil to food-based emulsifiers. Catalysis Today, 237, 145–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlou, A., Ritzoulis, C., Filotheou, A., & Panayiotou, C. (2016). Emulsifiers extracted from winery waste. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 7, 533–542.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelissari, F. M., do Amaral Sobral, P. J., & Menegalli, F. C. (2014). Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from banana peels. Cellulose, 21, 417–432.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, P. H. F., Oliveira, T. Í. S., Rosac, M. F., Cavalcante, F. L., Moates, G. K., Wellner, N., Waldrona, K. W., & Azeredoc, H. M. C. (2016). Pectin extraction from pomegranate peels with citric acid. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 88, 373–379.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porto, B. C., & Cristianini, M. (2014). Evaluation of cashew tree gum (Anacardium occidentale L.). LWT – Food Science and Technology, 59, 1325–1331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porto, B. C., & Cristianini, M. (2018). Effect of dynamic high pressure on emulsifying and encapsulant properties of cashew tree nut gum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 186, 350–357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raji, Z., Khodaiyana, F., Rezaei, K., Kiani, H., & Hosseini, S. S. (2017). Extraction optimization and physicochemical properties of pectin from melon peel. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 98, 709–716.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritzoulis, C., Marini, E., Aslanidou, A., Georgiadis, N., Karayannakidis, P. D., Koukiotis, C., Filotheou, A., Lousinian, S., & Tzimpilis, E. (2014). Hydrocolloids from quince seed: Extraction, characterization, and study of their emulsifying/stabilizing capacity. Food Hydrocolloids, 42, 178–186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodsamran, P., & Sothornvit, R. (2018). Physicochemical and functional properties of protein concentrate from byproduct of coconut processing. Food Chemistry, 241, 364–371.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, A., Kamaruddin, H., Bentley, A., & Wang, S. (2017). Emulsion stabilization by tomato seed protein isolate: Influence of pH, ionic strength and thermal treatment. Food Hydrocolloids, 57, 60–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soni, B., Hassan, E., Mahmoud, B. (2015). Chemical isolation and characterization of different cellulose nanofibers from cotton stalks. Carbohydrate Polymers, 134, 581–589.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takenaga, F., Matsuyama, K., Abe, S., Torii, Y., & Itoh, S. (2008). Lipid and fatty acid composition of mesocarp and seed of avocado fruits harvested at northern range in Japan. Journal of Oleo Science, 57, 591–597.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Temenouga, V., Charitidis, T., Avgidou, M., Karayannakidis, P. D., Dimopoulou, M., Kalogianni, E. P., Panayiotou, C., & Ritzoulis, C. (2016). Novel emulsifiers as products from internal Maillard reactions in okra hydrocolloid mucilage. Food Hydrocolloids, 52, 972–981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thaipanit, S., & Anprung, P. (2016). Physicochemical and emulsion properties of edible protein concentrate from coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) processing by–products and the influence of heat treatment. Food Hydrocolloids, 72, 756–765.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thaipanit, S., Schleining, G., & Anprung, P. (2016). Effects of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) protein hydrolysates obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis on the stability and rheological properties of oil–in–water emulsions. Food Hydrocolloids, 60, 252–264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thirugnanasambandham, K., Sivakumar, V., & Maran, J. P. (2014). Process optimization and analysis of microwave assisted extraction of pectin from dragon fruit peel. Carbohydrate Polymers, 112, 622–626.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tibolla, H., Pelissari, F. M., & Menegalli, F. C. (2014). Cellulose nanofibers produced from banana peel by chemical and enzymatic treatment. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 59(2), 1311–1318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W., Du, G., Li, C., Zhang, H., Long, Y., & Ni, Y. (2016a). Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) and their applications to palm oil/water Pickering emulsion. Carbohydrate Polymers, 151, 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W., Ma, X., Jiang, P., Hu, L., Zhi, Z., Chen, J., Ding, T., Ye, X., & Liu, D. (2016b). Characterization of pectin from grapefruit peel: A comparison of ultrasound–assisted and conventional heating extractions. Food Hydrocolloids, 61, 730–739.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W., Wei, X., Li, J., Wang, F., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Kong, L. (2017). Homogeneous isolation of nanocellulose from eucalyptus pulp by high pressure homogenization. Industrial Crops and Products, 104, 237–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wee, M. S. M., Matia-Merino, L., & Goh, K. K. T. (2015). Time– and shear history–dependence of the rheological properties of a water–soluble extract from the fronds of the black tree fern, Cyathea medullaris. Journal of Rheology, 59, 365–376.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winuprasith, T., & Suphantharika, M. (2013). Microfibrillated cellulose from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind: Preparation, characterization, and evaluation as an emulsion stabilizer. Food Hydrocolloids, 32, 383–394.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, H., Du, H., Yang, X., & Si, C. (2018). Recent strategies in preparation of cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils derived from raw cellulose materials. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2018, 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, M. P., Hicks, K. B., Johnston, D. B., Hotchkiss, A. T., Jr., Chau, H. K., & Hanah, K. (2016). Production of bio–based fiber gums from the waste streams resulting from the commercial processing of corn bran and oat hulls. Food Hydrocolloids, 53, 125–133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidel, D. N. A., Rashid, J. M., Hamidon, N. H., Salleh, L. M., & Kassim, A. S. M. (2017). Extraction and characterisation of pectin from dragon fruit (hylocereus polyrhizus) peels. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 56, 805–810.

    Google Scholar 

  • Züge, L. C. B., Silva, V. R., Hamerski, F., Ribani, M., Gimenes, M. L., & Scheer, A. P. (2015). Emulsifying properties of sericin obtained from hot water degumming process. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 40(1), e12267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Züge, L. C. B., Maieves, H. A., Silveira, J. L. M., da Silva, V. R., & Scheer, A. P. (2017). Use of avocado lipids as emulsifier. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 79, 42–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christos Ritzoulis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ritzoulis, C., Pavlou, A. (2019). Food Processing By-Products and Waste: Potential Applications as Emulsifiers and Stabilizers. In: Raikos, V., Ranawana, V. (eds) Reformulation as a Strategy for Developing Healthier Food Products. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23621-2_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics