Skip to main content

18F-Sodium Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging of the Peripheral Vasculature

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sodium Fluoride PET/CT in Clinical Use

Abstract

Vascular pathology poses a significant burden on global disease. Vessel calcification is a systemic phenomenon that affects multiple organ beds. Many of the processes leading to vascular calcification share immune-mediated pathways [1, 2]. Contemporary investigative techniques obtain excellent images of morphological features within the vascular system. Established anatomical imaging, such as catheter angiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, can accurately visualise the lumen [3]. Advances in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging now allow for the non-invasive detection of certain high-risk plaque features [4, 5]. Ultrasound duplex assesses the flow-limiting potential of stenotic lesions to provide a functional measure of vascular disease. Morphological imaging techniques are the basis of modern vascular imaging.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Teague HL, Ahlman MA, Alavi A, Wagner DD, Lichtman AH, Nahrendorf M, et al. Unraveling vascular inflammation: from immunology to imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(11):1403–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Fuery MA, Liang L, Kaplan FS, Mohler ER. Vascular ossification: pathology, mechanisms, and clinical implications. Bone [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Dec 11]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S8756328217302326

  3. Doris M, Newby DE. Coronary computed tomography angiography as a diagnostic and prognostic tool: perspectives from the SCOT-HEART trial. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2016;18:18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Maurovich-Horvat P, Ferencik M, Voros S, Merkely B, Hoffmann U. Comprehensive plaque assessment by coronary computed tomography angiography. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2014;11(7):390–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Robson PM, Dey D, Newby DE, Berman D, Li D, Fayad ZA, et al. MR/PET imaging of the cardiovascular system. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(10):1165–79.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Caffarelli C, Montagnani A, Nuti R, Gonnelli S. Bisphosphonates, atherosclerosis and vascular calcification: update and systematic review of clinical studies. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:1819–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Hirsch D, Azoury R, Sarig S, Kruth HS. Colocalization of cholesterol and hydroxyapatite in human atherosclerotic lesions. Calcif Tissue Int. 1993;52(2):94–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bentzon JF, Otsuka F, Virmani R, Falk E. Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture. Circ Res. 2014;114(12):1852–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Malek AM, Alper SL, Izumo S. Hemodynamic shear stress and its role in atherosclerosis. JAMA. 1999;282(21):2035–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Walsh K. Obesity, adiponectin and vascular inflammatory disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003;14(6):561–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Venkatasubramanian S, Noh RM, Daga S, Langrish JP, Mills NL, Waterhouse BR, et al. Effects of the small molecule SIRT1 activator, SRT2104 on arterial stiffness in otherwise healthy cigarette smokers and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Open Heart. 2016;3(1):e000402.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Proudfoot D, Skepper JN, Hegyi L, Bennett MR, Shanahan CM, Weissberg PL. Apoptosis regulates human vascular calcification in vitro: evidence for initiation of vascular calcification by apoptotic bodies. Circ Res. 2000;87(11):1055–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Aghagolzadeh P, Bachtler M, Bijarnia R, Jackson C, Smith ER, Odermatt A, et al. Calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells is induced by secondary calciprotein particles and enhanced by tumor necrosis factor-α. Atherosclerosis. 2016;251:404–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Durham AL, Speer MY, Scatena M, Giachelli CM, Shanahan CM. Role of smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification: implications in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Cardiovasc Res. 2018;114(4):590–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Barrett HE, Cunnane EM, Hidayat H, O’Brien JM, Moloney MA, Kavanagh EG, et al. On the influence of wall calcification and intraluminal thrombus on prediction of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture. J Vasc Surg. 2018;67(4):1234–1246.e2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Dweck MR, Jenkins WSA, Vesey AT, Pringle MAH, Chin CWL, Malley TS, et al. 18F-sodium fluoride uptake is a marker of active calcification and disease progression in patients with aortic stenosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(2):371–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Dweck MR, Chow MWL, Joshi NV, Williams MC, Jones C, Fletcher AM, et al. Coronary arterial 18F-sodium fluoride uptake: a novel marker of plaque biology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(17):1539–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Blomberg BA, de Jong PA, Thomassen A, Lam MGE, Vach W, Olsen MH, et al. Thoracic aorta calcification but not inflammation is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk: results of the CAMONA study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44(2):249–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kim J, Budoff MJ, Nasir K, Wong ND, Yeboah J, Al-Mallah MH, et al. Thoracic aortic calcium, cardiovascular disease events, and all-cause mortality in asymptomatic individuals with zero coronary calcium: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis. 2017;1:1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hoffmann U, Massaro JM, D’Agostino RB, Kathiresan S, Fox CS, O’Donnell CJ. Cardiovascular event prediction and risk reclassification by coronary, aortic, and valvular calcification in the Framingham heart study. J Am Heart Assoc [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 Aug 29];5(2). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4802453/

  21. Forsythe RO. Microcalcification predicts abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion and repair: the 18F-sodium fluoride imaging in abdominal aortic aneurysms (SoFIA3) study. J Vasc Surg. 2017;65(6):24S–5S.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Forsythe RO, Dweck MR, McBride OMB, Vesey AT, Semple SI, Shah ASV, et al. 18F–sodium fluoride uptake in abdominal aortic aneurysms: the SoFIA3 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(5):513–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Wanga S, Hibender S, Ridwan Y, van Roomen C, Vos M, van der Made I, et al. Aortic microcalcification is associated with elastin fragmentation in Marfan syndrome: microcalcification and elastin fragmentation in Marfan syndrome. J Pathol. 2017;243(3):294–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ladich E, Yahagi K, Romero ME, Virmani R. Vascular diseases: aortitis, aortic aneurysms, and vascular calcification. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2016;25(5):432–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Howard DP, van Lammeren GW, Rothwell PM, Redgrave JN, Moll FL, de Vries J-PPM, et al. Symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease: correlations between plaque composition and ipsilateral stroke risk. Stroke. 2015;46(1):182–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Huibers A, de Borst GJ, Wan S, Kennedy F, Giannopoulos A, Moll FL, et al. Non-invasive carotid artery imaging to identify the vulnerable plaque: current status and future goals. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50(5):563–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. den Hartog AG, Bovens SM, Koning W, Hendrikse J, Luijten PR, Moll FL, et al. Current status of clinical magnetic resonance imaging for plaque characterisation in patients with carotid artery stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2013;45(1):7–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Joshi NV, Vesey AT, Williams MC, Shah ASV, Calvert PA, Craighead FHM, et al. 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography for identification of ruptured and high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaques: a prospective clinical trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9918):705–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Clarke MCH, Littlewood TD, Figg N, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP, Goddard M, et al. Chronic apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells accelerates atherosclerosis and promotes calcification and medial degeneration. Circ Res. 2008;102(12):1529–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Oliver TB, Lammie GA, Wright AR, Wardlaw J, Patel SG, Peek R, et al. Atherosclerotic plaque at the carotid bifurcation: computed tomography angiographic appearance with histopathologic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20(5):897–901.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Vesey AT, Jenkins WSA, Irkle A, Moss A, Sng G, Forsythe RO, et al. 18F-fluoride and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography after transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke: case–control study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(3):e004976.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Irkle A, Vesey AT, Lewis DY, Skepper JN, Bird JLE, Dweck MR, et al. Identifying active vascular microcalcification by (18)F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography. Nat Commun. 2015;6:7495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Vesey AT, Dweck MR, Fayad ZA. Utility of combining PET and MR imaging of carotid plaque. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2016;26(1):55–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Moe SM, Chen NX. Mechanisms of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(2):213–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Abedin M, Tintut Y, Demer LL. Vascular calcification: mechanisms and clinical ramifications. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24(7):1161–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Janssen T, Bannas P, Herrmann J, Veldhoen S, Busch JD, Treszl A, et al. Association of linear 18F-sodium fluoride accumulation in femoral arteries as a measure of diffuse calcification with cardiovascular risk factors: a PET/computed tomography study. J Nucl Cardiol. 2013;20(4):569–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Stacy MR, Sinusas AJ. Novel applications of radionuclide imaging in peripheral vascular disease. Cardiol Clin. 2016;34(1):167–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Forsythe RO, Newby DE, Robson JMJ. Monitoring the biological activity of abdominal aortic aneurysms beyond ultrasound. Heart. 2016;102(11):817–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Rothwell P, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov S, Fox A, Taylor D, Mayberg M, et al. Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet. 2003;361(9352):107–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maaz B. J. Syed .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Syed, M.B.J., Kaczynski, J., Newby, D.E. (2020). 18F-Sodium Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging of the Peripheral Vasculature. In: Kairemo, K., Macapinlac, H.A. (eds) Sodium Fluoride PET/CT in Clinical Use. Clinicians’ Guides to Radionuclide Hybrid Imaging(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23577-2_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23577-2_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-23576-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-23577-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics