Abstract
Nutritional modes operating during embryonic/larval development of viviparous species range from “pure” lecitothrophy in which embryos rely solely on reserve materials (yolk spheres, lipid droplets, and glycogen particles) accumulated in the egg cytoplasm to matrotrophy in which embryos are continuously supplied with nutrients from a parental organism. Interestingly, a wide spectrum of diverse “mixed” modes employed in the embryo nourishment have also been described among viviparous species. Here, we summarize results of histochemical, ultrastructural, and biochemical analyses of reproductive systems as well as developing embryos of two closely related viviparous species of earwigs (Dermaptera), Hemimerus talpoides and Arixenia esau. These analyses clearly indicate that morphological as well as physiological modifications (adaptations) supporting viviparity and matrotrophy in Hemimerus and Arixenia, with the exception of a complex biphasic respiration, are markedly different. Most importantly, Hemimerus embryos complete their development inside terminal (largest) ovarian follicles, whereas Arixenia embryos, after initial developmental stages, are transferred to highly modified lateral oviducts, that is the uterus, where they develop until the release (birth) of larvae. The obtained results strongly suggest that viviparity in hemimerids and arixeniids had evolved independently and might therefore serve as an example of evolutionary parallelism as well as remarkable functional plasticity of insect reproduction and embryonic development.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Dr. Agnieszka Rak (Jagiellonian University, Poland) for the help with western blot analyses, Prof. Thorsten Burmester (Hamburg University, Germany) for providing hemocyanin antibodies, and Dr. Ali Halajian (University of Limpopo, South Africa) for his help during collecting of Hemimerus specimens. We are grateful to Wladyslawa Jankowska for excellent technical support and Prof. Andrew N. Ostrovsky (University of Vienna, Austria) for valuable comments and suggestions that helped us to improve the final version of this chapter. The Hitachi S-4700 scanning electron microscope was available at the SEM Laboratory at the Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University. The Jeol JEM 2100 transmission electron microscope was available at the Laboratory of Microscopy, Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University. This study was funded by a research grant OPUS 11 (UMO-2016/21/B/NZ8/00560) from the National Science Centre, Poland.
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Bilinski, S.M., Jaglarz, M.K., Tworzydlo, W. (2019). Viviparity in Two Closely Related Epizoic Dermapterans Relies on Disparate Modifications of Reproductive Systems and Embryogenesis. In: Tworzydlo, W., Bilinski, S. (eds) Evo-Devo: Non-model Species in Cell and Developmental Biology. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 68. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23459-1_18
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