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Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Breeding

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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Legumes

Abstract

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important cool season legume grown widely in the world due to its palatability as well as its ecological and environmental value in sustainable agriculture and cropping system. As its protein content is higher than other common food legumes, it is mainly harvested in the form of dry seeds for human food and for animal feed worldwide, but its fresh seeds or pods are often used as vegetables in China, India and other countries with rapidly expanding areas. The dry grain, fresh seeds and sprouts of faba bean are a highly nutritional food source for the human diet. Fresh faba bean seeds are used for a variety of savory dishes, and dry grain are used for paste and snacks, while sprouts for traditional food. The dried fresh stems and leaves of faba beans are good fodder for cattle, sheep and pigs. Faba bean flowers contain a large amount of L-DOPA and can be used to make flower tea. Various faba bean cultivation practices like intercropping and rotation are described. Germplasm diversity and conservation studies on faba bean genetic resources, in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation studies of faba bean, are summarized. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been developed for faba bean genetic linkage map construction and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analysis of important genes, are discussed. Achievements of breeding and the future breeding objectives like winter hardy, heat tolerance, herbicide resistance, double-zero, machine sowing and harvesting, biological nitrogen fixation efficiency, photosynthetic efficiency, flavor and palatability, dual usage and market price are reviewed. Current research initiatives and recommendations for future research, like gene editing, are also illustrated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China

    Xuxiao Zong, Tao Yang & Rong Liu

Authors
  1. Xuxiao Zong
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  2. Tao Yang
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  3. Rong Liu
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xuxiao Zong .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendices

Appendices

7.1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Faba Bean

Institution

Specialization and research activities

Contact information and website

Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Genetic resources and genomic studies, genetic improvement of faba bean, pea and other pulse crops

No. 12. Zhong Guan Cun South street, Haidian district, Beijing, China. http://ics.caas.cn/

Institute of Grain Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Faba bean and pea breeding and agronomy

No. 2238, extension line, Beijing road, Panlong district, Kunming city, Yunnan province, China. http://www.ynicri.cn/

Institute of Crop Breeding and Cultivation, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry

Faba bean breeding and agronomy

No.97, Ningzhang Road, Chengbei district, Xining city, Qinghai province, China. http://www.qhnky.com/

Institute of Crops, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Faba bean and pea breeding and agronomy

No.20, Jingju Temple Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu city, Sichuan province, China. http://www.chinawestagr.com/zwyjs/

Nantong Institute of Agriculture, Jiangsu

Faba bean breeding and agronomy

Yanjiang Road, Changjiang Town, Rugao city, Nantong city, Jiangsu province, China. http://yj.jaas.ac.cn/

Linxia Institute of Agriculture, Gansu

Faba bean breeding and agronomy

Hongyuan Xincun road, Linxia city, Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu province, China

Australian Temperate Field Crops Collection – pulses and oilseeds

National Plant Genetic Resource Centres Vicia (vetches and faba bean)

Department of Primary Industries, Victoria. http://www.pulseaus.com.au/

Genebank, ICARDA

Faba bean genetic resources

ICARDA, Egypt. http://www.icrisat.org

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)

Faba bean breeding

ICARDA, Beirut, Lebanon. http://www.icrisat.org

Virology Laboratory, ICARDA

Virus Diseases of Food Legume Crops in WANA Region (Detection & Control)

ICARDA, Lebanon. http://www.icrisat.org

Department of Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, Grains Innovation Park

Faba bean genetic resources and breeding

Private Bag 260, Horsham, Victoria 3401, Australia. http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/home

Department of Plant Breeding, Spanish National Research Council

Faba bean genetic resources and breeding

Apdo. 3092, Córdoba E-14080, Spain. http://www.csic.es/

Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney

Faba bean breeding and agronomy

Sydney, Australia. https://sydney.edu.au/agriculture/

Tamworth Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries

Research on viral diseases of faba bean in Australia’s Northern Grain Region

RMB 944, Tamworth 2340, Australia. https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/

Department of Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, VABC

Faba bean researches

1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia

Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Relations Plantes-Microorganismes

Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, faba bean

Toulouse, France. http://www.ara.inra.fr/en

INRA, Research Unit – Genetics & Ecophysiology of Grain Legumes (UR-LEG)

Faba bean breeding

Dijon, France. http://www.ara.inra.fr/en

John Innes Centre

Faba bean research and breeding

Norwich, UK. https://www.jic.ac.uk/

School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading

Faba bean research and breeding

Whiteknights, UK. http://www.reading.ac.uk/

School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide

Faba bean research and breeding

Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia. https://sciences.adelaide.edu.au/

School of Agriculture & Food Systems, Faculty of Land & Food Resources, University of Melbourne

Biotechnology to cropping and horticultural industries, including faba bean

Melbourne, Australia. https://research.unimelb.edu.au/

N.I.Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry

Faba bean genetic resources

St. Petersburg, Russia. http://vir.nw.ru/index.htm

Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, US Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research service, Washington State University

Faba bean genetic resources and breeding

Pullman, Washington State, USA. https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/pullman-wa/

Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University

Research on faba bean diseases, rhizobium in the US

Pullman, Washington State, USA. https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/pullman-wa/

Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton

Research on faba bean diseases, and breeding in Canada

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. https://www.alberta.ca/ministry-agriculture-forestry.aspx

7.1.2 Appendix II: Faba Bean Genetic Resources

Cultivar

Important traits

Cultivation location

Qingcan 1

Seedlings erect, young stem light green. Main stem green, square. leaves upright, plant compact. Racemes purplish red, flag purplish red, veined pale brown, winged purple, with a black central disk, keel purplish. Mature pod yellow. Seed coat glossy, translucent, umbilical black. Creamy white, medium to thick. A hundred grains weigh about 200 g. Crude protein content was 31.19%, starch 37.2%, fat 0.96%, crude fiber (dry base %) 8.1%. Spring, middle and late ripening varieties. During the production test from 2007–2008, the average yield was 4445.25 kg/ha.

Suitable for planting in irrigated land with elevation of 2300–2600 m in Qinghai, Gansu, Tibet provinces in China.

Linxi 1

The plant height was 100.0 ~ 120.0 cm. Primary leaves ovoid, green, stipules pale green, compound leaves oblong, average number of leaflets 4–5. Main stem anthesis 6 ~ 7, terminal anthesis 10 ~ 11, flag white, pale brown veins, white wings, keel green. There were 8.0 ~ 9.0 effective pods per plant, and the pod was in the semi-erect pod state. The pod was of large pod type, with fresh pod length of 15.2 ~ 17.5 cm, pod width of 3.5 ~ 5.0 cm, mature pod length of 10.0 ~ 10.5 cm, and pod width of 2.5 ~ 3.0 cm. Each pod contains 1.0 ~ 3.0 granules. Mature pods are dark brown. Seed coat light green, dull, umbilical black, broad thin – shaped. Fresh grain length: 3.5 ~ 4.0 cm, width: 2.50 ~ 3.05 cm; seed length: 2.4 ~ 2.5 cm, width: 1.70 ~ 1.75 cm, 100-seed weight: 195.0 ~ 200.0 g, crude protein content: 28.85%, starch content: 46.24%, fat content: 1.227%, crude fiber content: 7.099%. It belongs to semi – winter, middle and early maturity, and its growth period is 96 ~ 104 d. From 1999–2000, the average dry seed yield was 2512.2 kg/ha after multi-point identification in Qinghai province. In 2000, the average fresh pod yield was 15132.7 kg/ha after participating in the production test and demonstration of faba bean in Qinghai province.

Faba bean autumn sowing area and spring sowing area can be planted, in China.

Qinghai 12

Plant height 104.4 ~ 145.3 cm. Primary leaves ovoid, green; stipules pale green. Compound leaves long elliptic, average number of leaflets 4 ~ 5. Flowers with white flag, pale brown veins, white wing, with a black disk in the center, green keel.14 ~ 15 effective pods per plant. Pod set in semi-erect form. Pod length 10.0 ~ 12.0 cm, pod width 2.0 ~ 2.4 cm. Each pod contains 2.1 ~ 2.3 grains. Mature pod black. Seed coat glossy, translucent, umbilical black. Creamy white, medium to thick. The seeds were 2.1 ~ 2.3 cm long, 1.7 ~ 2.0 cm wide, and 100 seeds weighed 195.0 ~ 200.0 g. The content of crude protein was 26.50%, starch 47.58%, fat 1.47% and crude fiber 7.37%. Spring, medium maturity variety, growth period 110 ~ 125 d. From 2001–2002, the average yield of 5070.0 kg/ha was increased by 8.18% compared with that of Qinghai 10. From 2003–2004, the average yield of 4218.0 kg/ha was increased by 6.7% compared with that of Qinghai 10.

It is suitable for planting in the irrigated agricultural area with an elevation of 2000–2600 m and the middle mountain dry land, in Qinghai province and northwest China.

Qinghai 11

Plant height 140.0 ~ 145.0 cm. Primary leaves ovoid, green; stipules pale green. Compound leaves long elliptic, average number of leaflets 4 ~ 5. The main stem starts with 4 ~ 5 knots and ends with 11 ~ 12 knots. Flag white, pale brown veins, white pterygium, with a black central disk, keel greenish white. There are 20 ~ 25 effective pods per plant. Pod set in semi – erect form. Pod length 7.5 ~ 9.0 cm, pod width 2.5 ~ 2.7 cm. Each pod contains 1.8 ~ 2.0 capsules. Mature pod black. Seed coat glossy, translucent, umbilical black. Creamy white, medium to thick. The seeds were 2.13 ~ 2.22 cm in length, 1.88 ~ 2.00 cm in width and 190.0 ~ 195.0 g in weight. The content of crude protein was 25.66%, starch was 45.35%, fat was 1.38% and crude fiber was 6.20%. Spring, medium maturity variety, growth period 110 ~ 120 days. From 1999–2000, the average yield of 4333.5 kg/ha was increased by 12.3% compared with the control. From 2001–2002, the average yield of 5293.5 kg/ha was increased by 18.9% compared with the control.

It is suitable for planting in irrigated agricultural areas below 2600 m above sea level and on high water land, in Qinghai province and northwest China.

Lincan 7

It is belonging to medium big grain varieties, spring, growth period of 120 d or so, plant height 140 cm, branch 1–3, 1 cm thick stems, young stem color green, leaf blade elliptic, leaf color shallow green, shallow purple flowers, pod height 25 cm in the beginning, pod number per 10–18, each pod 2–3 grain, grain number per 20–40 grains, pod 11 cm long, 2.1 cm wide, pods grain of 2.3 cm long, 1.65 cm wide, hundred grain weight 186.9 g, grain full neat, kind of milky white skin, hilum black. The protein content was 29.04%, lysine 1.81%, starch 42.7%, tannin 0.59%. Resistant to root rot, like fertilizer and water. In 2007, the yield was 3810–5025 kg/ha in 5 stations, and the average yield was 4497 kg/ha, which was 12.36% higher than CK, and the increase was 9.06–14.3%.

Suitable for Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Sha’anxi, Sichuan Aba spring faba bean production areas in China.

Lincan 10

Belong to medium big grain varieties, plant type is compact, plant growth and tidy, spring, growth period about 120 d, plant height 125 cm, branch 1–3, 1 cm thick stems, young stem color green, leaf blade elliptic, leaf color shallow green, shallow purple flowers, pod height 25 cm in the beginning, pod number per 10–18, each pod 2–3 grain, grain number per 20–40 grains, pod 11.5 cm long, 2.2 cm wide, pods grain of 2.3 cm long, 1.65 cm wide, hundred grain weight 182.56 g (try the province average) for 2 years, The seeds are plump and neat, the seed coat is milky white, and the seed navel is white. According to the test report of agricultural testing center of Aansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, contains 10.93% water, 31.76% crude protein, 1.01% lysine, 54.661% starch, 0.863% crude fat and 0.601% tannin. From 2011–2012, the 2-year average yield was 2982 kg/ha, increasing 12.5% compared with Lincan 5 and 24.16% compared with Lincan 2.

Suitable for Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Sha’anxi, Sichuan Aba spring faba bean production areas in China.

Maya Candou

Plant height: 130.0 ~ 140.0 cm. Primary leaves ovoid, green; stipules pale green. Compound leaves long elliptic, average number of leaflets 4 ~ 5. Flowers with white flag, pale brown veins, white wing, with a black disk in the center, green keel. The effective pod number per plant was 14 ~ 18, pod was hypo erect, pod length was 8.0 ~ 10.4 cm, pod width was 1.8 ~ 2.0 cm, pod size was 1.9 ~ 2.0, mature pod was black and brown. Seed coat milky white, shiny, translucent, umbilicus black, medium thickness, granule like horse teeth, seeds 2.3 ~ 2.5 cm long, 1.3 ~ 1.4 cm wide, 100 seeds weight 130.0 ~ 140.0 g. The content of crude protein, starch and crude fat was 28.2, 47.3 and 1.48%, respectively. It belongs to spring and medium mature varieties, with growth period of 110 ~ 120 days. From 2002–2003, he participated in the regional identification test of horse tooth faba bean, with an average yield of 4231.8 kg/ha, and an average yield increase of 6.1% compared with the control.

It is suitable for planting in the irrigated agricultural area with an elevation of 2500 ~ 2900 m and the middle mountain dry land, in western part of China.

Tong Can Xian 7

The whole growth period was about 220 d (the growth period of fresh pod was about 209 d). The seedling stage growth potential is prosperous, the plant high school and so on slants, resists the fertilizer to resist to fall, the straw green seed is ripe, does not crack the pod, is ripe good. In general, the height of the adult plant was about 96 cm, with many branches, 4.6 effective branches per plant, 15.2 pods per plant, among which 19.5% was one pod and 80.5% was more than two pods. The fresh pod was 11.81 cm long and 2.55 cm wide. Fresh seeds were 3.01 cm long and 2.18 cm wide. In the trial area, the fresh weight of 100 pods was 2500 g, the fresh seed weight was 379.3 g, the design and color of light purple flowers (partial white flowers), the dry seed coat was white (slightly greenish white excessive color at the time of harvest), the black navel, the seeds were large, and the dry seed weight was about 205 g. High quality, high protein and starch content, protein (dry base) content of 29.7%, fat 1.2%, starch (dry base) content of 53.8%. In the 2-year regional experiment, the average yield of fresh pod was 17.78 mt/ha, which was 7.44% higher than that of CK (a local variety). Fresh seeds/pods weight averaged 33.94%. Fresh seed yield was 6.04 mt/ha, 9.32% higher than that of CK. From 2010–2011, the high-yielding cultivation experiment and demonstration of this variety showed that the average fresh pod yield was 18.73 mt/ha, and the dry seed yield was 3.07 mt/ha.

Wide adaptability, can be in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan and other autumn sowing faba bean ecological areas, especially suitable for suburban food faba bean cultivation.

Tongcanxian 6

Winter, medium maturity varieties, the whole growth period of 220 d, coastal areas of fresh pods on the market in late April to mid-May, early 2 ~ 3 d than Japan CK (Japan Cun Can). Seedling flourishing, plant height of 85 cm, purple flowers. There were 3.9 effective branches per plant, 9 pods per plant, one pod accounted for 33.6%, and more than two pods accounted for 66.4%. The pods were 10.4 cm long and 2.8 cm wide, with an average weight of 2241.5 g. The fresh seeds were 3.0 cm long and 2.2 cm wide, and the 100-grain weight of the fresh seeds was 429.6 g. Dry seeds weigh about 200 g and contain 30.2% crude protein. Black navel, seed coat light purple, can be used for purity identification. In 2005, the fresh pod yield was 15.72 mt/ha, ranking the first among the tested varieties, and the yield was 36.8% higher than that of Japan CK. The yield of fresh seeds was 4.95 mt/ha, which was 30.95% higher than that of CK, ranking first. Fresh seeds/pods weight averaged 31.5%.

Wide adaptability, can be in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan and other autumn sowing faba bean ecological areas, especially suitable for suburban food broad bean cultivation.

Tong Can Xian 8

The whole growth period of broad bean was about 220 d (the growth period of fresh pod was about 208 d). The seedling stage growth potential is prosperous, the plant high school and so on slants, resists the fertilizer to resist to fall, the straw green seed is ripe, does not crack the pod, is ripe good. In general, the height of the adult plant was about 94 cm, with many branches, 5.15 effective branches per plant, 14.7 pods per plant, of which one pod accounted for 23.5%, and more than two pods accounted for 76.5%. The fresh pod was 11.26 cm long and 2.49 cm wide, and the fresh seed was 2.83 cm long and 2.06 cm wide. The average 100 fresh pods weight was 2346 g, and the average fresh seed weight was 379.5 g. Light purple flowers (white flowers), black umbilical, and white seed coat of dry seeds were larger, and the dry seed weight was about 195 g. Good quality, high protein and starch content, protein content of 27.9%, fat 1.2%. The average yield of fresh pod was 17.42 mt/ha, which was 5.31% higher than that of Japan CK. Fresh seeds/pods weight averaged 33.26%. Fresh seed yield was 5.83 mt/ha, 5.43% higher than the control. From 2010–2011, the high-yield cultivation experiment and demonstration of this variety showed that the average fresh pod yield was 18.08 mt/ha, and the dry seed yield was 2.98 mt/ha.

Wide adaptability, can be in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan and other autumn sowing broad bean ecological areas, especially suitable for suburban food broad bean cultivation.

Haimen Daqingpi

Winter, medium maturity varieties, the whole growth period of 221 d. Plant shape compact, erect growth, stout stem, plant high school, general plant height of 90 cm, purple flowers. There were many branches, 4.5 branches per plant, 12.2 pods per plant, 1.6 seeds per pod, and the pod length was 8.0 cm. The seeds are large, flat, broad and thin, 2.03 cm long and 1.52 cm wide, green and shiny seed coat, black umbilicus, slightly uplifted at the base, generally weighing about 115 ~ 120 g. Dry seed protein content of 25% ~ 30%, crude fat 1.68% ~ 1.98%, cold – resistant, disease – resistant, ripe good. Can be mono cropped, but also with corn, cotton, vegetables, medicinal materials, such as inter-planting. The yield of this variety is 2700 kg/ha in mono cropping and 2250 kg/ha in inter-planting with cotton and corn. High yield cultivated plot, mono cropping yield 3300 kg/ha, inter-planting 2700 kg/ha.

Broad adaptability, can be in the Jiangsu broad bean ecological area and the Yangtze river in the middle and lower reaches of broad bean ecological area, can also be in suburban counties for high-quality fresh broad bean cultivation.

Jian Li Xiao Can Dou

Winter, late maturity varieties, the whole growth period of 212 d. Prostrate growth type, plant height 157.7 cm, color white/purple; The number of stems and branches per plant was 4.2, the number of pods per plant was 30.5, the length of pod was 7.77 cm, and the number of single pod was 2.36. Seed coat dark green, green, navel black, brown, granular thick; 100 dry seeds weigh 61.73 g. Good yield and stability. Average dry grain yield 41.10 g per plant; The cultivated yield in the plot is 2195 ~ 2996 kg/ha.

Wide adaptability, in the Yangtze river basin autumn sowing areas can be planted production.

Yundou 825

It is an autumn sowing medium – ripe large – grain variety. 188–202 d during the whole growth period, with unlimited flowering habits, the seedlings branched upright and plant height of 101.5 cm; Plant type compact, young stem green, mature stem brown yellow, medium branching force, average branching number 2.95 branches/plant; Small foliage shape oval, round leaves yellow green color, design and color is white, the pod hard, pod shape oblate bucket, fresh green pods and mature pods for shallow brown, skin white, hilum white, cotyledon yellow-white, grain shape wide thick, 9.9 pods per plant and single pod 1.30 grain, the 100 grain weight of 144.9 g and 20.2 g grain weight per plant, dry grain starch content 49.74%, crude protein content 24.12%, and 61.2% of the total sugar content, tannin content 0.025%; Because the total sugar content is high, the tannin content is low, the processing quality is extremely excellent. The average dry grain yield of 3892.1 kg/ha was 10.76% higher than that of CK. Field production experiment of dry grain yield 3430–3591 kg/ha; The average yield was 4670 kg/ha, with an increase rate of 1.1–15.3%.

Faba bean producing areas and similar habitats in Yunnan province at an elevation of 1100–2300 m.

Fengdou 13

It is an autumn sowing medium – ripe large – grain variety. Whole growth period 185 d, unlimited flowering habit; Seedlings branched upright, plant height of 78.25–99.42 cm; young stem purplish red, mature stem brown yellow. The average branch number was 4.1 branches/plant. Small foliage long elliptic, leaf light green color, design and color is purple, pod quality thin, tender pod shape oblate bucket, pod 8.67 cm long, bright green pods and mature pods for shallow brown, skin white, hilum white, cotyledon yellow-white, grain shape wide thick, 10.0 pods per plant and single pod 1.7 grain, the 100-grain weight is 138.5 g and 21.3 g grain weight per plant, dry grain starch content is 30.4%, crude protein content is 40.6%. Belong to high protein content variety. The average dry grain yield of the regional test in Yunnan province was 4419.45 kg/ha, 4.78% higher than that of CK. Field production experiment on average 4119.3 kg/ha, dry grain yield increase rate was 20.76%.

Yunnan province, 1600–2200 m above sea level. And similar habitat area cultivation.

Fengdou 10

It is an autumn sowing medium – ripe large – grain variety. Whole growth period 180 d, unlimited flowering habit; Seedling branches erect, plant height 96.5–139.6 cm; Young stem green, mature stem brown yellow; The average branch number was 4.1 branches/plant. Small foliage shape long oval, round leaf color is green, design and color is white, the pod hard, pod shape oblate bucket, pod 9.5 cm long, bright green pods and mature pods for shallow brown, skin white, hilum white, cotyledon yellow-white, grain shape wide thick, 9.5 pods per plant, single pod 1.81 grain, the 100-grain weight 133.2 g, 18.1 g grain weight per plant, dry grain starch content 49.68%, crude protein content is 28.19%, belong to high protein content variety. The average dry grain yield of the regional test in Yunnan province was 4080 kg/ha, which was 7.1% higher than that of the control variety 8010. Dry grain yield an average of 4620 kg/ha in field production experiment, increase production rate of 7.6–19.2%.

Broad bean producing areas in Yunnan province with an elevation of 1300–2100 m; And similar habitat area cultivation.

Yundou 324

It is an autumn sowing medium – ripe large – grain variety. The whole growth period was 193 d, the flowering habit was unlimited, the branch of seedlings was semi-erect, the branch force was strong, and the average branch number was 3.7 branches/plant. Plant height 80–100 cm, compact plant, young stem lilac red, mature stem brownish yellow, small leaves ovoid, leaves yellow-green, flowers lilac, pod hard, pod oblate barrel; Fresh pod green, mature pod light brown; Seed coat green, seed hilum green; Granule width and thickness, cotyledons yellow and white; Single plant 9.92 pod, single pod 2.39 grain, 100-grain weight 132 g, single plant grain weight 31.4 g, dry grain starch content 45.88%, crude protein content 25.59%, tannin content 0.06%, fresh grain soluble sugar content 13.6%. It is a kind of vegetable with high quality. Strong frost resistance and moderate drought resistance. Field production experiment dry grain yield 3723–4596 kg/ha, the average yield of 4159 kg/ha, increase production rate of 7.5 42.1%, fresh pod yield 20,535–33,000 kg/ha.

Suitable for Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou areas with an altitude of 1100–2400 m for autumn sowing, and 1800–3100 m for spring sowing and summer sowing. It can be cultivated in autumn sowing in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, central China and spring sowing in Gansu and Qinghai, 20–30 days earlier than local varieties.

Chengjiang Dabeidou

It is an autumn sowing medium – ripe large – grain variety. Whole growth period 186 d, unlimited flowering habit; Seedling branches semi creeping, plant height 107.5 cm; young stem green, mature stem brown yellow; The average branch number was 2.96. Plant type compact, small leaf shape long oval, green leaf color, white flower color, hard pod, pod shape oblate barrel, fresh pod greenish-yellow, mature pod light brown, seed coat white, umbilicus white, black, cotyledon yellow-white, grain width and thickness, single plant 11.1 pod, single pod 1.60 seeds, 100-seed weight 131 g, single plant grain weight 20.6 g. Field production dry grain yield 3372–4635 kg/ha, the average yield of 4003.5 kg/ha, compared with the local cultivation of other similar local varieties, the average increase rate of 5.3%

Broad bean producing areas in Yunnan province with an altitude of 1300–1900 m; And similar habitat conditions of regional cultivation.

Yundou Zao 7

It is an autumn sowing early maturing large-grain variety. The whole growth period was 152–188 d, the flowering habit was unlimited, the seedlings branched upright, the plant height was 80.0 cm. Green stems, mature stem brown yellow, the branch power is strong, the average branch number 4.85 branch/plant, pod is hard, pod shape oblate bucket, fresh green pods and mature pods beige, seed coat is white, hilum white, cotyledon yellow-white, grain shape wide thick, 10.2 pods per plant, single pod 1.49 grain, the 100-grain weight is 130.6 g, per plant grain weight 16.2 g, dry grain starch content is 41.67%, the crude protein content is 26.8%. The dry grain yield is 4200–6600 kg/ha in the field production experiment; The average yield of 4400 kg/ha, increase production rate of 30–72.9% to the CK, the highest fresh pod yield is 23,100 kg/ha.

In Yunnan province, in the normal season is below the elevation of 1600 m, or the cultivation in the production area of off-season faba bean at the elevation of 1100–2400 m, and the cultivation in the region similar to the habitat.

Yundou 147

It is an autumn sowing medium – ripe large – grain variety. Whole growth period 190 d, unlimited flowering habit, seedling branching creeping, plant height 79.08 cm, plant type compact; The average branch number was 3.64. The young stem was green, the mature stem was red-green, and the leaf color was dark green. Leaflets are long and round, white in design and color, hard in pod, flat in pod shape, greenish-yellow in fresh pod, light brown in mature pod, white in seed coat, black in umbilicus, yellow-white in cotyledon, broad and thick in grain shape, 11.4 pods per plant, 1.93 seeds per pod, 127.38 g in 100 seeds, 23.68 g in single plant, starch content 47.69% in dry seeds, 26.21% in crude protein. Strong frost resistance, moderate drought resistance. The average yield of the regional experiment in Yunnan province was 3475.5 kg/ha, which was 21.7% higher than that of the control species 8010. 3028–4812.5 kg/ha in field production experiment, the average yield of 3920 kg/ha, increase production rate of 11.2–41.5%.

Suitable for Yunnan province elevation 1100–2400 m autumn sowing, 1800–3100 m summer sowing faba bean producing areas, and similar habitat area planting.

Chenghu 19

Medium and early maturing varieties, growth period 183 d. Unlimited pod bearing habit, vigorous growth, upright growth. Young stem light purple, mature stem green, plant height 114.9 cm. Main stem branched 2.4, leaf color is dark green, elliptic, flower purple. Single plant bearing 25.4 pods, 7.0 cm long, 2.6 cm wide, hard pod, slightly curved, mature pod black, single pod number of 2 or more. The newly harvested dry seeds were narrow and thick in shape, with pale green seed coat, black umbilicus, and 100-seed weight of 112.5 g. The dry grain protein content was 32.5% and the fat content was 1.25%. During the regional test in Sichuan province from 2007–2008, the average yield was 1859 kg/ha, which was 12.1% higher than that of the control Chenghu 10. In the production test in Sichuan province in 2008, the average yield was 2153 kg/ha, which was 15.3% higher than that of the control Chenghu 10, and the yield at Neijiang point reached 2196 kg/ha.

It is suitable for planting in different farming systems in Sichuan province.

Chengdu Dabai

Early maturity variety, growth period 170 d. Habit of bearing unlimited pods and growing upright. Young stem light purple, mature stem green. The plant was 103 cm tall, with 4 main stem branches, dark green leaves, oval leaves and purple flowers. Each plant had 20.8 pods, with a pod length of 6.5 cm and a width of 3.1 cm, hard pod, straight pod and black mature pod. The newly harvested dry seeds were broad and thick, with milky seed coat, mostly white navel and a few black navel, and the weight of 100 seeds was 106.9 g. Protein content in dry grains was 28.4%. General output 1500 kg/ha, minimum 1275 kg/ha, maximum 1875 kg/ha.

Slopes of hilly area, with wet sand soil, yellow soil, in winter growing areas.

Zhijin Xiaoqingpi

Winter, middle and late ripening varieties, whole growth period 209 day. Semi creeping growth type, plant height 60.7 cm, flowers purplish red; The number of stem branches per plant was 2.40, the number of pod bearing per plant was 9.70, the pod length was 6.63 cm, and the number of single pod was 2.23. Seed coat light green, seed navel black, granular thick; Dry seeds weigh 70.93 g. Good yield and stability. Average dry grain yield per plant 22.34 g; The cultivated yield in the plot is 2300 ~ 2760 kg/ha.

Wide adaptability, in the Yangtze river basin autumn sowing areas can be planted for better production.

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Zong, X., Yang, T., Liu, R. (2019). Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Legumes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23400-3_7

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