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Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) Breeding Strategies

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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops

Abstract

Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a tropical, cross-pollinating tree native to South America. Vietnam ranks first in global production of cashew nuts with shells. World average productivity stands at 8136 hg/ha, but in most cashew-growing countries production is below the world average. Low yield is because of lack of soil profile correction, irrigation and pest control and prevalence of orchards of trees grown from seed selections and grafted genotypes. The tree bears male (staminate and bisexual), hermaphrodite and pistillate flowers on the same panicle. Only, 4–6% of flowers are pollinated and reach maturity to bear fruit, the rest are shed away at various stages of development. Generally, the gene pool expands through hybridization with different adaptive values, as long as the hybrids are able to produce segregating progeny in subsequent generations. Evidence of hybrid vigor with an increase of up to 153% in nut yield has been noted as compared to plants derived from out-crossed pollination. Uniform planting materials is a very important input for crop productivity. Cashew improvement programs include development of new commercial varieties having dwarf/semi-dwarf canopy, large nut size with higher shelling percentage, higher kernel grade and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. A hybridization method has been standardized for breeding cashew varieties. Technologies like molecular markers, mutation breeding, molecular breeding, in vitro approach and transgenic breeding and other techniques are expediting the process of analyzing and assessing traits. With the advancements in genetics and molecular biology, genetic engineering has become the primary issue in molecular breeding. The present chapter highlights the propagation methods, improvement through conventional breeding, molecular genetic diversity, molecular breeding and conservation strategies.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Fruit Science & Horticulture Technology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

    Suvalaxmi Palei & Rasheswari Dasmohapatra

  2. College of Horticulture, Chiplima, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Chiplima, Burla, Sambalpur, India

    Sunil Samal

  3. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

    Gyana Ranjan Rout

Authors
  1. Suvalaxmi Palei
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  2. Rasheswari Dasmohapatra
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  3. Sunil Samal
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  4. Gyana Ranjan Rout
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendices

Appendices

1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Concerned with Cashew

Institution

Specialization and research activities

Contact information and website

Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, India

Agricultural Biotechnology,

http://ouat.ac.in

Research on Crop improvement, Postharvest Technology/Horticultural research

1.2 Appendix II: Genetic Resources of Cashew

Cultivar

Important traits

Cultivation location

BBSR-1

Shelling percentage

Eastern part of India

Jagannath

High yield

Eastern part of India

Balabhadra

High yield, canopy structure

Eastern part of India

BPP- 4

Nut yield, apple weight

Eastern and southern part of India

BPP- 6

Nut yield, apple weight

Eastern and southern part of India

BPP- 8

Nut yield, apple weight

Eastern and southern part of India

Ullal-1

Trunk girth, nut weight

Northern, eastern and southern parts of India

Ullal-3

Nut weight

Northern, eastern and southern parts of India

Ullal-4

Nut weight

Northern, eastern and southern parts of India

Chintamani-1

High yield, canopy structure

Eastern part of India

NRCC-2

Nut weight

Southern part of India

Vengurla-1

Nut weight

Southern part of India

Vengurla-4

Nut weight

Southern part of India

Vengurla – 7(H255)

Nut weight

Southern part of India

Madakkathara −1 (BLA-39-4)

Shelling percentage

Eastern and southern part of India

Madakkathara −2 (NDR-2-1)

High shelling percentage

Eastern and southern part of India

Dhana (H-1608)

High yield

Western and southern part of India

Kanaka (H-1598)

High yield

Western and southern part of India

Priyanka (H-1591)

Nut weight

Western and southern part of India

Vengurla −6 (H-68)

Nut weight

Western and southern part of India

Amrutha (H-1597)

Nut weight

Eastern part of India

K-22–1

Nut weight

Northern, eastern and southern parts of India

Bhaskara

Shelling percentage

Northern, eastern and southern parts of India

Vridhachalam-3

Shelling percentage

Northern, eastern and southern parts of India

Jhargram-1

Nut weight

Northern, eastern and southern parts of India

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Palei, S., Dasmohapatra, R., Samal, S., Rout, G.R. (2019). Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) Breeding Strategies. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23112-5_4

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