Abstract
Rye is a robust and stress-tolerant cereal, grown on 4.4 million hectares, mainly in Northeastern Europe. Grain yields range, on average, from 2.0 to 5.8 mt ha−1 on farm level depending on the country, but reached >10 mt ha−1 in multi-locational official trials in Germany. Rye grain is used for bread making, distilling, homegrown feed and bioenergy production. Hybrid breeding has gained much attention caused by higher grain yields and a higher gain from selection compared to open-pollinated cultivars. Prerequisites are self-fertility, cytoplasmic-male sterility (CMS) with effective nuclear encoded genes to restore fertility (Rf) and distinct heterotic pools. Elaborated breeding plans are available. Commercial rye hybrids are crosses between a CMS single cross as seed parent and a restorer synthetic as pollinator. Molecular breeding was promoted in the last decade by the availability of PCR-based markers and the production of medium- to high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays. Markers are used for introgressing monogenic traits, developing landscapes of quantitative trait loci (QTL), and genomic selection. In the future, disease resistances to snow mold, stem rust, and Fusarium head blight, resilience to drought and heat stress, optimized feeding quality and yield improvement by broadening the genetic basis of hybrid breeding are important goals.
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Acknowledgement
The authors wish to recognize the very significant contributions made to hybrid rye breeding by Prof. Dr. Dr.h.c. Hartwig H. Geiger, University of Hohenheim, Germany.
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Appendices
Appendices
9.1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Rye
Institution | Specialization and research activities | Contact information and website |
---|---|---|
State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim | Hybrid rye breeding, resistance genetics, genomics | Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/organisation/einrichtung/landessaatzuchtanstalt |
Plant Breeding, Technical University of Munich | Construction of high-density SNP chips, genomic selection | Liesel-Beckmann Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany http://www.plantbreeding.wzw.tum.de |
Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI) | Marker-based approaches | Rudolf-Schick-Platz 3a, 18190 Sanitz, Germany https://www.julius-kuehn.de/gross-luesewitz |
Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) | High-throughput sequencing, assembling rye genome | Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germanyhttp://www.ipk-gatersleben.de |
Scientific and Practical Centre of Belarusian NAS for Arable Farming | Rye breeding | Timiryazeva st. 1, 222160 Zhodino, Belarus http://www.izis.by |
Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Science | Rye breeding research, molecular analysis of single traits | Ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland http://www.igr.poznan.pl |
Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimation – National Research Institute | Rye breeding research, Polish gene bank, data base on rye genetic resources | Radzikow, Poland http://www.ihar.edu.pl |
N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry | Largest gene bank of rye, usage of genetic resources, resistance breeding | Bolshaya Morskaya st. 44, 190000 St.-Petersburg, Russiahttp://vir.nw.ru |
Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture | Population rye breeding, resistance breeding, quality breeding | Orenburg tract, 48, 420059 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia http://www.antat.ru/en/structure/agricultural |
Moscow Nemchinovka Agricultural Research Institute | Rye breeding and research | Kalinia str. 1, Nemchinovka-1, 143026, Russia |
9.1.2 Appendix II: Origin of Genetic Resources of Rye
Institution | Country | No. of accessions |
---|---|---|
Institute of Botany | Armenia | 18 |
Laboratory of Plants Gene Pool and Breeding | Armenia | |
Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology | Armenia | |
AGES Linz – Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety/Seed Collection | Austria | 99 |
Austria | ||
Institute of Special Crops, Agricultural Research Center Styria | Austria | |
Arche Noah Association | Austria | |
Research Institute of Agriculture | Azerbaijan | 132 |
Genetic Resources Institute | Azerbaijan | |
Institute for Plant Genetic Resources “K. Malkov” | Bulgaria | 1248 |
Genetic Resources Institute, University of Banjaluka | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 |
Switzerland | 70 | |
Switzerland | ||
Genebank Department, Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Research Institute of Crop Production | Czech Republic | 683 |
Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research | Germany | 2409 |
Spain | 500 | |
Spain | ||
Junta de Extremadura. Dirección General de Ciencia y Tecnología. Centro de Investigación Agraria Finca La Orden – Valdesequera | Spain | |
Cabildo Insular de Tenerife. Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Agrícola de Tenerife | Spain | |
Estonia | 6 | |
United Kingdom | 1 | |
Niko Ketskhoveli Institute of Botany | Georgia | 4 |
Greek Genebank, Agricultural Research Center of Macedonia and Thrace, National Agricultural Research Foundation | Greece | 11 |
Hungary | 360 | |
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, National Crop Variety Testing Centre | Ireland | 5 |
Lithuania | 14 | |
Latvian Forestry Research Institute “Silava” | Latvia | 9 |
Faculty of Agriculture, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius | Macedonia | 25 |
Institute of Agriculture | Montenegro | 4 |
Sweden | 335 | |
Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute | Poland | 2424 |
Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden – Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin | Poland | 2428 |
Banco de Germoplasma – Departamento de Recursos Genéticos e Melhoramento, Estaçao Agronómica Nacional, Instituto Nacional de Investigaçao Agrária | Portugal | 567 |
Suceava Genebank | Romania | 483 |
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timisoara | Romania | |
Agricultural Research Station Suceava | Romania | |
N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry | Russian Federation | 2928 |
Slovakia | 161 | |
Plant Genetic Resources Department | Turkey | 425 |
Institute of Plant Production n.a. V.Y. Yurjev of UAAS | Ukraine | 270 |
Sum | 15,620 | |
Not included: | ||
US National Plant Germplasm system https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/search.aspx | Diverse | 1937 |
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Miedaner, T., Laidig, F. (2019). Hybrid Breeding in Rye (Secale cereale L.). In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Cereals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23108-8_9
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