Abstract
The current progress in crop research has provided a useful benchmark to evaluate crop-breeding improvement using genomics and molecular breeding techniques. The generation of huge amounts of molecular-genetic data has provided several ways to utilize the available genetic resources and to find solutions to the demanding goals of plant breeding. Rice being a staple food is consumed as an essential part of the dietary requirement by most of the developing countries. With the increase in population growth, traditional breeding methods cannot find a viable solution for sustainable crop production and food security. Since genetics and breeding are closely associated, combining these two has resulted in remarkable progress in rice-breeding programs. The presence of genetic diversity within cultivated crops and their wild relatives provides a platform for gene discovery of the agronomical important traits yet to be sufficiently discovered and utilized. This progress of developing new rice varieties with specific agronomic characters was made by using marker-assisted selection that opened new avenues for basic plant research. Combining conventional methods with molecular genetics will help in understanding the inheritance pattern of targeted traits in plant breeding and thus will lead to crop improvement in the future. This in turn can open new ways of improving the efficiency of breeding programs. Next-generation sequencing is the largest advancement and a boon for gene identification and variations in the genome. Recent techniques like CRISPR/Cas9 system are creating a major revolution in genome editing by adding or removing the genetic material at particular locations in the genome. Hence, molecular techniques are influencing the breeding process from selection to introgression of known genes/traits and thus sustaining the world’s food productivity.
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Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to the School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, India.
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Appendices
Appendices
8.1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Rice Genetic Improvement
Country | Institution | Specialization and research activities | Contact information and website |
|---|---|---|---|
Africa | Africa Rice Centre | Conserving rice genetic resources, rice breeding, rice processing | 01 BP 4029, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire Tel: +225 22 48 09 10 Email: AfricaRice@cgiar.org |
America | University of California | Breeding and genetics | G. S. Khush 39399 Blackhawk Place, Davis, CA 95616, USA Tel: (+1-530) 750-2440 Email: gurdev@khush.org |
Arizona | The Arizona Genomics Institute | Facilitate the high throughput movement of genomic resources | 1657 E Helen St,Tucson, AZ 85705, USA Phone: +1 520-626-9596 |
Brazil | Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR) | Improvement of agronomic traits | Lutécia Beatriz Canalli InstitutoAgronômico do Paraná – IAPAR Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 375. Londrina-PR 86047-902, Brazil. Tel: (+55) 42 3219 9712 Email: lutecia@iapar.br |
China | China National Rice Research Institute | Identification of genetic resources, investigation of new genes, functional genomic research | 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province310006, P.R. China Tel: +86-571-63370212 Email: icoffice_cnrri@126.com |
Huazhong Agricultural University | Plant protection | Chao-Xi Luo Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Plant Science and Technology, Shizishan, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China 430070 Tel: (27)-87281242 Email: cxluo@mail.hzau.edu.cn | |
Germany | University of Freiburg | Coordinator of Golden Rice – Project | Peter Beyer Institute of Biology II (Cell Biology), Fahnenbergplatz, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany Tel: +49 761 203 2529 Email: peter.beyer@biologie.uni-freiburg.de |
India | Indian Institute of Rice Research | Genetic diversity, better rice varieties | V. Ravindra Babu Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500030 Email: director.iirr@icar.gov.in Tel: +91-40-24591218; Fax: +91-40-24591217 |
National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology | Genome sequencing and annotation of crop plants | N. K. Singh Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Pusa Road, New Delhi Tel: 011-25860186 Email: nksingh@nrcpb.org | |
Nigeria | National Cereals Research Institute | Yield enhancement and grain quality | DanbabaNahemiahBadeggi, Nigeria Tel: +234 806 931 4862 |
Philippines | The International Rice Research Institute | Plant breeder, Project leader for Green Super Rice | Jauhar Ali International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines Tel: +63 2 580 5600 ext 2541 Email:j.ali@irri.org |
Taiwan | Institute of Molecular Biology | Rice transformation | Su-May Yu Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan Tel: 886-2-2788-2695 Email: sumay@imb.sinica.edu.tw |
8.1.2 Appendix II: Rice Genetic Resources
Cultivation location | Cultivar | Important traits |
|---|---|---|
Thailand | Dinalaga | Drought resistant |
Africa | IRAT106 | Drought resistant |
Australia | Doongara | High amylase content |
Kyeema | Long grain and fragrant | |
Bangladesh | IR64-Sub1 | Submerged |
BRRI dhan69 | Saline, irrigated | |
BRRI Dhan72 | High Zn content | |
Brazil | Tre Smeses | Drought resistant |
China | Yunlu 99 | Drought resistant |
Huhan3 | Drought resistant | |
Ghana | CRI-Emopa | – |
CRI Aunty Jane | – | |
India | Pusa Sugandh 2 | Lodging tolerance, resistant to BB |
Ambemohar | Fragrant variety | |
Pusa Sugandh 2 | Lodging and shattering tolerance | |
DRR-Dhan 45 | Drought resistant | |
Sampada | Low glycemic index | |
CR Dhan10 | Protein rich | |
Kenya | Komboka | – |
Nepal | Sookha dhan4 | Rainfed, drought |
Sookha dhan1 | Drought | |
Sookha dhan2 | Drought | |
Nigeria | IAC47 | Drought resistant |
Ofada | Highlyaromatic | |
Nigeria | UPIA1 | Irrigated, rainfed, tolerance to toxicity |
Philippines | NSIC Rc25 | Upland |
NSIC Rc352 | Irrigated, inbred | |
NSIC Rc390 | Saline | |
Thailand | Dinalaga | Drought resistant |
Tanzania | Tai | Rainfed, irrigated |
Uganda | Okile | – |
Vietnam | 08Fan10 | Rainfed, lowland |
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Mahajan, R., Kapoor, N. (2019). Molecular Breeding Strategies for Genetic Improvement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Cereals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23108-8_8
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