Abstract
Triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) is a man-made, self-pollinated cereal crop specie developed by crossing wheat (Triticum spp.) and rye (Secale cereale). The initial goal of creating triticale was to develop a new cereal crop that would combine the superior agro-morphological and end-use quality characteristics of wheat, and the adaptability, vigor and resistance/tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses of rye. Triticale is well adapted to a wider range of environments where wheat is grown; moreover, under stress conditions, triticale performs better. Triticale has been grown worldwide mainly for grain and forage production, and recently for bioenergy production. Although the grain quality of triticale is unsatisfactory compared to other small grain crops such as wheat, it still possesses a good level of resistance to multiple diseases and pests and many useful genes have been successfully transferred to wheat from triticale. The majority of triticale breeding programs focus on the improvement of economically-important traits such as grain and biomass yield, diseases and pest resistance, quality and agronomic traits. Several studies have demonstrated that genetic diversity within triticale germplasm is low, which is not unexpected. Traditional breeding methods are most commonly used in triticale improvement. Currently, modern breeding approaches, such as marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection, double-haploid (DH) and genetic transformations are being explored to improve triticale. Use of molecular breeding technology and molecular markers are limited in triticale but many molecular markers of wheat and rye are conserved in the triticale genome and therefore wheat and rye genomics can be used in triticale improvement. The objective of this chapter is to summarize the current status of triticale production worldwide and provide details on different breeding approaches being used to improve triticale cultivars.
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Appendices
Appendices
11.1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Triticale
Institution | Specialization and research activities | Contact information and website |
|---|---|---|
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) | Germplasm collection and variety development | |
The Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (IHAR) – National Research Institute | Breeding | |
Danko | Breeding | Danko Hodowla Roślin Choryń 27, 64-000 Kościan Tel: +48 65 513 48 13 Fax: +48 65 513 48 06 Email: danko@danko.pl |
Arizona Plant Breeders Inc. | Durum wheat, hard red spring wheat, triticale and barley breeding | Wesam AbuHammad Tel: 001 520 836-8228 |
Australian Grain Technologies | Triticale breeding | 20 Leitch Road, PO Box 341, Roseworthy, SA 5371 |
Canadian Ministry of Agriculture | Alberta- Agriculture and Forestry triticale breeding | https://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/fcd10571 |
Australian Government | Grain Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) | |
WARATAH | Seed corporation company | Smeaton, Victoria, Australia |
INRA-Maroc | Agricultural Research | INRA-Maroc- Rue de la Victoire, Rabat, Morocco |
11.1.2 Appendix II: Triticale Genetic Resources
Cultivar | Important traits | Cultivation location |
|---|---|---|
Siskiyou | Resistant to bacterial leaf streak (BLS) disease | Northern California |
Pi 428,736 | Resistant to BLS | Manitoba, Canada |
Pi 428,854 | Resistant to BLS | Russia |
Pi 428,913 | Resistant to BLS and Common bunt | Manitoba, Canada |
Pi 542,545 | Resistant to BLS disease | Oregon, USA |
Pi 587,229 | Resistant to BLS disease | Tolbukhin Bulgaria |
Sorento | Resistant to leaf rust and powdery mildew | Beijing, China |
Apb113 | High ADF, CP, NDF and TDN | Greece |
Apb249 | High ADF, CP, NDF and TDN | Central California, USA |
Apb133 | High ADF, CP, NDF and TDN | Utah, USA |
Apb269 | High ADF, CP, NDF and TDN | Utah, USA |
Rosner | Yield | No representative |
Welsh | Yield | University of Manitoba, Canada |
Carman | Yield | SeCan Association, Canada |
Oac wintri | Yield | SeCan Association |
Oac triwell | Yield | SeCan Association |
Oac decade | Yield | SeCan Association |
Beaguelita | Yield | Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Oipc |
Wapiti | Yield | Alberta Agriculture & Rural Development |
Astute | Midseason maturing triticale, with a similar maturity to Hawkeye. Astute is widely adapted to all triticale growing regions, showing outstanding yields in higher yield potential areas of NSW | Australia |
Bison | Reduced awned triticale derived from Rufustends to perform best relative to other triticale varieties in the lower to moderate yield potential environments of central NSW and SA | Australia |
Fusion | Broadly adapted, mid maturing triticale selected from a unique cross between two triticale lines and Stylet (an unreleased bread wheat) suitable to all triticale growing regions of Australia, offering growers stable yield performance with a strong disease resistance package | Australia |
Favorit | Yielding under pseudogley soil | Serbia |
Tango | Yielding under pseudogley soil | Serbia |
Odisej | Yielding under pseudogley soil | Serbia |
Kg-20 | Yielding under pseudogley soil | Serbia |
Oac trillium | Yield and other traits | SeCan Association |
Frank | Yield and other traits | SeCan Association |
Bura | Yield and other traits | SeCan Association |
Pika | Yield and other traits | Alberta agriculture & rural development |
Banjo | Yield and other traits | Farm Pure Seeds Inc., Canada |
Ac polka | Yield and other traits | SeCan Association |
Ac copia | Yield and other traits | Farm Pure Seeds Inc. |
Ac alta | Yield and other traits | Progressive Seeds Ltd., Australia |
Ac certa | Yield and other traits | Progressive Seeds Ltd. |
Pronghorn | Yield and other traits | Alberta Agriculture & Rural Development |
Ac william | Yield and other traits | SeCan Association |
Sandro | Yield and other traits | La Coop Fédérée, Canada |
Bobcat | Yield and other traits | Alberta Agriculture & Rural Development |
Ac ultima | Yield and other traits | Agriculture And Agri-Food Canada, Oipc |
Tyndal | Yield and other traits | Alberta Agriculture & Rural Development |
Bunker | Yield and other traits | Alberta Agriculture & Rural Development |
Luoma | Yield and other traits | Alberta Agriculture & Rural Development |
Metzger | Yield and other traits | Alberta Agriculture & Rural Development |
Bumper | Yield and other traits | Agriculture And Agri-Food Canada, Oipc |
Taza | Yield and other traits | Alberta Agriculture & Rural Development |
Brevis | Yield and other traits | Agriculture And Agri-Food Canada, Oipc |
Sunray | Yield and other traits | Agriculture And Agri-Food Canada, Oipc |
Elevator | Yield and other traits | Seed-Link Inc., Canada |
Thauvex | Yield and other traits | La Coop Fédérée |
Sonika | Yield and other traits | La Coop Fédérée |
Aac delight | Yield and other traits | Agriculture And Agri-Food Canada, Oipc |
Hotshot | Yield and other traits | Seed-Link Inc. |
Circuit | Yield and other traits | Seed-Link Inc. |
TRINIDAD | Heading date, plant height, powdery mildew resistance and yield | German National |
Variety List | ||
SANTOP | Heading date, plant height, powdery mildew resistance and yield | German National |
Variety List | ||
TMP16315 | Moderate FHB and ergot resistance, short height, low LDG and high TWT and YLD. | |
AC Ultima | Superior in GPC | |
Pronghorn | T124 Spring type with FHB resistance | Canada |
Brevis | T200-Spring type with FHB resistance | Canada |
LASKO | High protein content | Estonian |
DAGRO | High protein content | Estonian |
TEWO | High protein content | Estonian |
Tatlicak 97 | Drought tolerance | Turkey, |
Karma 2000 | Lowest drought susceptibility | Turkey |
MIKHAM 2002 | Turkey | |
CAMELOT | Spring triticale, early maturing, awnless, and short statured, leaf carriage is drooping. Necks are wavy and hairless. Heads are mid-dense, kernels are slightly wrinkled, red, elliptical, with a brush that is large and long, resistant to stripe rust, leaf rust, powdery mildew, and BYD and moderately resistant to Septoria tritici leaf blotch | Resource Seeds, Inc. California |
MERLIN | Spring triticale, late maturing, leaves have a waxy bloom, flag leaf is twisted, kernels are amber, elliptical, and wrinkled, resistant to powdery mildew, moderately resistant to leaf rust, stripe rust, and BYD and susceptible to Septoria tritici leaf blotch | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
PACHECO | Spring triticale for whole plant forage, day length insensitive, short plant height, very good straw strength, spikes are awned, fusiform, mid-wide, and mid-long with waxy bloom, seeds are light red, large with smooth texture, resistant to stripe rust, leaf rust, powdery mildew, and BYD and moderately resistant to Septoria tritici leaf blotch | Westbred LLC, Bozman, Montana |
TRICAL BRAND 102 | Winter triticale, awnletted, late maturing, resistant to stripe rust, leaf rust and Septoria tritici leaf blotch | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
TRICAL BRAND 105 | Spring triticale, awned, medium maturing, good lodging resistance, resistant to stripe rust, leaf rust and Septoria tritici leaf blotch, and moderately susceptible to BYD, moderately susceptible to stripe rust | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
TRICAL BRAND 118 | Spring triticale, medium maturity, good lodging resistance, leaves have a waxy bloom, flag leaf is twisted, kernels are slightly wrinkled, amber, elliptical, with a brush that is midsize and mid-long, resistant to leaf rust, powdery mildew, and BYD and moderately resistant Septoria tritici leaf blotch, moderately susceptible to stripe rust | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
TRICAL BRAND 2700 | spring triticale, fully awned, with medium late maturity, flag leaf is recurved, spikes are erect, oblong, mid-wide and mid-dense, kernels are reddish tan, elliptical, and average 9 mm long and 4 mm wide, resistant to leaf rust, stripe rust, Septoria tritici leaf blotch, and powdery mildew, and moderately susceptible to BYD | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
ALZO | Winter triticale, tall with good straw strength | Resource Seeds, Inc |
BEAGLE | Spring triticale, medium maturity and is tall with fair straw strength, resistant to Septoria tritici leaf blotch, stripe rust, leaf rust and moderately susceptible to BYD | CIMMYT in cooperation with the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture (INIA) |
BEAGUELITA ‘S’ | Spring triticale, medium maturity and is medium tall with good straw strength, resistant to Septoria tritici leaf blotch, stripe rust, and leaf rust, and moderately susceptible to BYD | CIMMYT in cooperation with INIA |
CABORCA 79 | Spring triticale, medium early maturity and is medium tall with fair straw strength, resistant to Septoria tritici leaf blotch, stripe rust, and leaf rust, and susceptible to BYD | CIMMYT in cooperation with INIA |
CANANEA 79 | Spring triticale, medium early maturity and is medium height with fair straw strength, resistant to Septoria tritici leaf blotch, stripe rust, and leaf rust, and moderately susceptible to BYD | CIMMYT) in cooperation with INIA |
CELIA | Winter triticale, prostrate early growth, medium early maturity, stiff straw and good lodging resistance, spikes are awned, resistant to stripe rust, leaf rust, and Septoria tritici leaf blotch, moderately resistant to Pseudocercosporella foot rot and snow mold, and moderately susceptible to take-all disease | Oregon AES |
DÉCOR | Winter triticale, mid-tall with good straw strength, resistant to leaf rust and moderately susceptible to BYD | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
ELAN | Winter triticale, mid-tall with good straw strength, resistant to BYD | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
FLORA | Winter triticale | Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. |
FLORICO | Spring triticale, medium maturity and is tall with poor straw strength, resistant to Septoria tritici leaf blotch, stripe rust, and leaf rust, and moderately resistant to BYD | Nutriseed, Inc., Arizona |
FORERUNNER | Spring triticale, late maturing and medium height | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
GRACE | Spring triticale, medium late maturing, tall with fair straw strength, Spikes are lax and fusiform with long awns, kernels are elliptical and wrinkled, resistant to leaf rust and stem rust and tolerant of BYD | ARCO Seed Co, Pakistan |
Juan | Spring triticale, tall, fair straw strength and shatter resistance, produces high forage and grain yields, long, lax spikes, Kernels are red, long, well-filled, resistant to leaf rust, powdery mildew and Septoria tritici leaf blotch, and moderately susceptible to BYD, susceptible to stripe rust | California AES |
LANCE | Spring triticale, awnless, medium late maturing | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
MAH 3600 | Winter triticale, tall with good straw strength | Developed in Poland and received for evaluation from Resource Seeds, Inc. |
MAH 3800 | Winter triticale, mid-tall with good straw strength, resistant to leaf rust and BYD | Developed in Poland and received for evaluation from Resource Seeds, Inc. |
PEACE | Spring triticale, tall with good straw strength, moderately susceptible to BYD | ARCO Seed Co. |
SISKIYOU | Spring triticale, spikes are long and somewhat lax. Awns are Short and purple to black in color, kernels are somewhat wrinkled, shorter than most other triticales of the period, with a protruding germ end typical of durum wheat. Grain color is light red, generally with a high percentage of yellowberry kernels, resistant to Septoria tritici leaf blotch, moderately susceptible to stripe rust and leaf rust, and susceptible to BYD | CIMMYT and the California AES |
SPRINGFEST | Spring triticale, late maturing and is tall with good straw strength, resistant to Septoria tritici leaf blotch, stripe rust, and leaf rust, and moderately resistant to BYD | Nutriseed, Inc. |
TRICAL BRAND 96 | Spring triticale, medium early maturing and has excellent straw strength, resistant to leaf rust and BYD and susceptible to Septoria tritici blotch and stripe rust | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
TRICAL BRAND 98 | Spring triticale, early maturing, good lodging resistance, heads are mid-dense and fusiform, with yellow awns, kernels are slightly wrinkled, amber, elliptical, with a brush that is midsize and mid-long, resistant to leaf rust, powdery mildew, and BYD, moderately susceptible to stripe rust, and susceptible to Septoria tritici leaf blotch | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
TRICAL BRAND 103BB | Winter triticale, late maturing with fair straw strength, resistant to stripe rust, leaf rust, and Septoria tritici leaf blotch | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
TRICAL BRAND 110 | Spring triticale, midseason maturity, good straw strength, resistant to stripe rust, leaf rust, powdery mildew and BYD, and moderately susceptible to Septoria tritici leaf blotch | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
TRICAL BRAND 111 | Spring triticale, awned, medium maturing, and has good lodging resistance, resistant to stripe rust, leaf rust, Septoria tritici leaf blotch, powdery mildew and BYD | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
TRICAL BRAND 116 | Spring triticale, medium early maturity and good lodging resistance, flag leaf is twisted, heads are mid-dense and fusiform, with tan awns, kernels are slightly wrinkled, amber, elliptical, with a brush that is large and mid-long, resistant to leaf rust and BYD, and moderately susceptible to stripe rust and Septoria tritici leaf blotch | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
TRIMARK 336 | Winter triticale, tall with good straw strength, resistant to BYD and leaf rust | Resource Seeds, Inc. |
WYTCH | Spring triticale, medium maturity and is tall with poor straw | ARCO Seed Co. |
Strength, moderately susceptible to BYD | ||
YUMA | Spring triticale, medium maturing and is tall with fair straw strength, resistant to stripe rust and moderately susceptible to BYD | Nutriseed, Inc. (AZ). |
Alamos | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Armadillo | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Yoreme | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Cananea | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Fahad-5 | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Pollmer | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Rhino | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Eronga-83 | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Juanillo | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT/Morocco |
Beaguelita | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT/Morocco |
Beagle | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT/Morocco |
Drira out cross | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT/Morocco |
Borhane | Yield, diseases resistant | Morocco |
Mpoumtaz | Yield, diseases resistant | Morocco |
Milenio TCL3 | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Siglo-TCL21 | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Sup[remo TCL2000 | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Quebrantahuesos-TCL99 | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Maravilla-TCL99 | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Cerrillo-TCL99 | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
AN31 | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
An34 | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
TCLW-Anapelon | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
TCLF-AN38 | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
TCLF-AN105 | Yield, diseases resistant | Mexico/CIMMYT |
Focus | Winter triticale | Turkey |
Mikham-2002 | Winter triticale | Turkey |
Tacettinbey | Spring triticale | Turkey |
Tatlıcak-97 | Winter triticale | Turkey |
Ege Yıldızı | Spring triticale | Turkey |
Melez-2001 | Winter triticale | Turkey |
KARMA-2000 | Spring triticale | The Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute (AARI) |
PRESTO | Spring triticale | AARI |
TACETTİNBEY | Spring triticale | Cukurova University (CU) |
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Mergoum, M. et al. (2019). Triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Cereals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23108-8_11
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