Spatial Sound of Musical Instruments

Ziemer, Tim

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23033-3_5

Tim Ziemer⁵

Part of the book series: Current Research in Systematic Musicology ((CRSM,volume 7))

1324 Accesses

Abstract

Musical instruments create a spatial sound impression. This chapter provides an introduction to the acoustics of sound propagation from musical instruments. An overview of microphone array techniques to measure the sound radiation characteristics from the near and the far field is given. The complex point source model simplifies the physical constellation and describes what is heard by the listener. It serves as a simplification for psychoacoustic sound field synthesis for music presented in this book. Finally, the chapter illustrates strategies to visualize measured sound radiation properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 129.00; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 169.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 169.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
As described in Ziemer (2011, 2018), mainly based on Pierce (2007), Williams (1999), Morse and Ingard (1986), Rabenstein et al. (2006) and Ahrens (2012).
2.
See Mechel (2008), pp. 5f, Teutsch (2007), Wöhe (1984), Pierce (2007), p. 36 and Baalman (2008), p. 23.
3.
See e.g. Hirschberg et al. (1996), describing shock-waves in brass instruments.
4.
See e.g. Meyer et al. (2001), p. 2.
5.
See e.g. Williams (1999), p. 21.
6.
See Williams (1999), p. 22.
7.
See Ahrens (2012), p. 23.
8.
Or an exponential increase which is ignored since it is non-physical, see Ahrens (2012), p. 23.
9.
See e.g. Müller (2008), p. 65.
10.
See e.g. Vorländer (2008).
11.
See e.g. Roederer (2008), pp. 89f.
12.
See Ahrens (2012), p. 42.
13.
Cf. e.g. Ahrens (2012), p. 66.
14.
See e.g. Mechel (2013), p. 2, Magalhães and Tenenbaum (2004), p. 204, Ahrens (2012), p. 42.
15.
From Kostek (2005), p. 24.
16.
From Warusfel et al. (1997), p. 1.
17.
See Schanz (1966), p. 2.
18.
Cf. Rossing (1990), p. 48.
19.
See Fletcher and Rossing (2008), p. 308.
20.
An examination of the relationship between features of direct sound and perceived source extent can be found e.g. in Ziemer (2014) and will be discussed in the context of room acoustics in more detail in Sect. 6.2.
21.
Albrecht et al. (2005), p. 1.
22.
Referred to as “structure- and air-borne sound”, see e.g. Blauert and Xiang (2009), p. 177.
23.
See Hall (2008), pp. 290–294.
24.
See Meyer (2008), p. 156, Warusfel et al. (1997), p. 4, Pätynen and Lokki (2010) and Otondo and Rindel (2005).
25.
In Meyer (2009), pp. 129–177, Meyer (2008), pp. 123–180, Pätynen and Lokki (2010), and in Hohl (2009) and Hohl and Zotter (2010).
26.
See Meyer (2009), p. 24, Hammond and White (2008), pp. 4–7 and Hall (2008), pp. 124–125.
27.
See Bruhn (2002), p. 452.
28.
See e.g. Williams (1999), p. 89 and p. 236.
29.
For an extensive revision of these and other methods, current research and prospects, see e.g. Magalhães and Tenenbaum (2004).
30.
See e.g. Pätynen and Lokki (2010), p. 139.
31.
See e.g. Otondo and Rindel (2004), p. 1179 or Otondo and Rindel (2005), p. 903, Pelzer et al. (2012), Pätynen and Lokki (2010) and Zotter et al. (2007).
32.
Mainly based on Williams (1999), pp. 183–208, Teutsch (2007), pp. 41ff, Arfken (1985), pp. 111ff and pp. 573ff, Slavik and Weinzierl (2008) and Ahrens (2012), p. 24ff.
33.
See e.g. Williams (1999), p. 185.
34.
See e.g. Teutsch (2007), p. 44, Ahrens (2012), p. 31, Hulsebos (2004), pp. 16–19 and Zotter (2009), p. 35.
35.
See e.g. Magalhães and Tenenbaum (2004), p. 204, Ziemer (2014, 2015, 2017), Ziemer and Bader (2015).
36.
See Arfken (1985), p. 604.
37.
See e.g. Kim (2007), p. 1079.
38.
See e.g. Gannot and Cohen (2008), p. 946.
39.
Mainly based on Hald (2008) and Michel and Möser (2010).
40.
See e.g. Michel and Möser (2010).
41.
These are presented e.g. in Bader (2014), Michel and Möser (2010), and Gannot and Cohen (2008).
42.
See e.g. Yang et al. (2008), p. 157.
43.
See e.g. Yang et al. (2008), Maynard et al. (1985), Hayek (2008), Kim (2007).
44.
As proposed in Bader (2010) and discussed extensively in Bader (2014).
45.
See Bader et al. (2009, 2017), Richter et al. (2013), Münster et al. (2013), Bader (2011, 2012a, b), Pfeifle (2016), Takada and Bader (2012), and Plath et al. (2015).
46.
See e.g. Magalhães and Tenenbaum (2004), pp. 200ff.
47.
See e.g. Ih (2008), Bai (1992), Veronesi and Maynard (1989).
48.
See e.g. Hutchins (1977, 1981) and Hutchins et al. (1971).
49.
See e.g. Fleischer (2000).
50.
See e.g. Bader (2013), p. 57 and p. 113.
51.
This and other optical measurement methods are explained e.g. in Molin (2007) and Molin and Zipser (2004).
52.
See e.g. Saldner et al. (1997).
53.
See e.g. Meyer (1995, 2008, 2009).
54.
See e.g. Meyer (2008), p. 156.
55.
See e.g. Vorländer (2008), p. 127.

References

Ahrens J (2012) Analytic methods of sound field synthesis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25743-8
Book Google Scholar
Albrecht B, de Vries D, Jacques R, Melchior F (2005) An approach for multichannel recording and reproduction of sound source directivity. In: Audio engineering society convention 119, Oct 2005
Google Scholar
Arfken G (1985) Mathematical methods for physicists, 3rd edn. Dover
Google Scholar
Baalman M (2008) On Wave Field Synthesis and electro-acoustic music, with a particular focus on the reproduction of arbitrarily shaped sound sources. VDM, Saarbrücken
Google Scholar
Bader R (2010) Reconstruction of radiating sound fields using minimum energy method. J Acoust Soc Am 127(1):300–308. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3271416
Article Google Scholar
Bader R (2011) Characterizing classical guitars using top plate radiation patterns measured by a microphone array. Acta Acust United Acust 97(5):830–839. https://doi.org/10.3813/AAA.918463
Article Google Scholar
Bader R (2012a) Radiation characteristics of multiple and single sound hole vihuelas and a classical guitar 131(1):819–828. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3651096
Article Google Scholar
Bader R (2012b) Outside-instrument coupling of resonance chambers in the New-Ireland friction instrument lounuet. In: Proceedings of meetings on acoustics, vol 15, no (1), p 035007. https://doi.org/10.1121/2.0000167, https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/2.0000167
Bader R (2013) Nonlinearities and synchronization in musical acoustics and music psychology. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36098-5
Book Google Scholar
Bader R (2014) Microphone array. In: Rossing TD (ed) Springer handbook of acoustics. Springer, Berlin, pp 1179–1207. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0755-7_29
Google Scholar
Bader R, Münster M, Richter J, Timm H (2009) Measurements of drums and flutes. In: Bader R (ed) Musical acoustics, neurocognition and psychology of music. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, pp 15–55
Google Scholar
Bader R, Fischer JL, Abel M (2017) Minimum Energy Method (MEM) microphone array back-propagation for measuring musical wind instruments sound hole radiation. J Acoust Soc Am 141(5):3749–3750. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4988269
Article Google Scholar
Bai MR (1992) Application of BEM (boundary element method)-based acoustic holography to radiation analysis of sound sources with arbitrarily shaped geometries. J Acoust Soc Am 92:533–549. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.404263
Article Google Scholar
Blauert J, Xiang N (2009) Acoustics for engineers. Troy lectures, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03393-3
Book Google Scholar
Bruhn H (2002) Wahrnehmung und Repräsentation musikalischer Strukturen. In: Bruhn H, Oerter R, Rösing H (eds) Musikpsychologie. Ein Handbuch, 4th edn. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg, pp 452–459
Google Scholar
Chladni EFF (1787). Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges. Nabu, Leipzig
Google Scholar
Fleischer H (2000). Schwingungen und Schall von Glocken. In: Fortschritte der Akustik—DAGA ’00, Oldenburg
Google Scholar
Fletcher NH, Rossing TD (2008) The physics of musical instruments, 2nd edn. Springer, New York
Google Scholar
Gannot S, Cohen I (2008) Adaptive beamforming and postfiltering. In: Benesty J, Sondhi MM, Huang Y (eds) Springer handbook of speech processing, Chap. 47. Springer, Berlin, pp 945–978. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49127-9_47
Chapter Google Scholar
Hald J (2008) Beamforming and wavenumber processing. In: Havelock D, Kuwano S, Vorländer M (eds) Handbook of signal processing in acoustics, Chap. 9. Springer, New York, pp 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30441-0_9
Chapter Google Scholar
Hall DE (2008) Musikalische Akustik. Ein Handbuch. Schott, Mainz
Google Scholar
Hammond J, White P (2008) Signals and systems. In: Havelock D, Kuwano S, Vorländer M (eds) Handbook of signal processing in acoustics, Chap. 1. Springer, New York, pp 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30441-0_1
Chapter Google Scholar
Hayek SI (2008) Nearfield acoustical holography. In: Havelock D, Kuwano S, Vorländer M (eds) Handbook of signal processing in acoustics, Chap. 59. Springer, New York, pp 1129–1139. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30441-0_59
Chapter Google Scholar
Hirschberg A, Gilbert J, Msallam R, Wijnands APJ (1996) Shock waves in trombones. J Acoust Soc Am l99(3):1754–1758. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.414698
Article Google Scholar
Hohl F (2009) Kugelmikrofonarray zur Abstrahlungsvermessung von Musikinstrumenten. Master’s thesis, University of Music and Performing Arts Graz, Technical University Graz
Google Scholar
Hohl F, Zotter F (2010) Similarity of musical instrument radiation-patterns in pitch and partial. In: Fortschritte der Akustik—DAGA ’10, Berlin
Google Scholar
Hulsebos EM (2004) Auralization using wave field synthesis. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology. http://www.tnw.tudelft.nl/fileadmin/Faculteit/TNW/Over_de_faculteit/Afdelingen/Imaging_Science_and_Technology/Research/Research_Groups/Acoustical_Imaging_and_Sound_Control/Publications/Ph.D._thesis/doc/Edo_Hulsebos_thesis.pdf
Hutchins CM, Stetson KA, Taylor PA (1971) Clarification of the ‘free plate tap tones’ by hologram interferometry. CAS Newsletter 16:15–23
Google Scholar
Hutchins CM (1977) Acoustics for the violin maker. CAS Newsletter 28
Google Scholar
Hutchins CM (1981) The acoustics of violin plates. Sci Am 285(4):170–180. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1081-170
Article Google Scholar
Ih J-G (2008) Inverse boundary element techniques for the holographic identification of vibro-acoustic source parameters. In: Marburg S, Nolte B (eds) Computational acoustics of noise propagation in fluids—finite and boundary element methods. Springer, Berlin, pp 547–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77448-8_21
Kim Y-H (2007) Acoustic holography. In: Rossing TD (ed) Springer handbook of acoustics, Chap. 26. Springer, New York, pp 1077–1099. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30425-0_26
Chapter Google Scholar
Kostek B (2005) Perception-based data processing in acoustics. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/b135397
Magalhães MBS, Tenenbaum RA (2004) Sound sources reconstruction techniques: a review of their evolution and new trends. Acta Acust United Acust 90:199–220. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/dav/aaua/2004/00000090/00000002/art00001
Maynard JD, Williams EG, Lee Y (1985) Nearfield acoustic holography: I. theory of generalized holography and the development of NAH. J Acoust Soc Am 78(4):1395–1413. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.392911
Article Google Scholar
Mechel F (2013) Room acoustical fields. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22356-3
Book Google Scholar
Mechel FP (2008) General linear fluid acoustics. In: Mechel FP (ed) Formulas of acoustics, 2nd edn, Chap. B. Springer, Berlin, pp 5–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76833-3_2
Meyer J, Meyer P, Baird J (2001) Far-field loudspeaker interaction: accuracy in theory and practice. In: Audio Engineering Society Convention 110, May 2001
Google Scholar
Meyer J (1995) Akustik und musikalische Aufführungspraxis. Ein Leitfaden für Akustiker, Tonmeister, Musiker, Instrumentenbauer und Architekten. PPV, Frankfurt am Main, 3. vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte edition
Google Scholar
Meyer J (2008) Musikalische Akustik. In: Weinzierl S (ed) Handbuch der Audiotechnik, Chap. 4. Springer, Berlin, pp 123–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34301-1_4
Meyer J (2009) Acoustics and the performance of music. Manual for acousticians, audio engineers, musicians, architects and musical instrument makers, 5th edn. Springer, Bergkirchen. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09517-2
Book Google Scholar
Michel U, Möser M (2010) Akustische antennen. In: Möser M (ed) Messtechnik der Akustik, Chap. 6. Springer, Berlin, pp 365–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68087-1_6
Chapter Google Scholar
Müller S (2008) Measuring transfer-functions and impulse responses. In: Havelock D, Kuwano S, Vorländer M (eds) Handbook of signal processing in acoustics, Chap. 5. Springer, New York, pp 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30441-0_5
Chapter Google Scholar
Molin N-E (2007) Optical methods for acoustics and vibration measurements. In: Rossing TD (ed) Springer handbook of acoustics, Chap. 27. Springer, New York, pp 1101–1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30425-0_27
Chapter Google Scholar
Molin N-E, Zipser L (2004) Optical methods of today for visualizing sound fields in musical acoustics. Acta Acust United Acust 90(4):618–628. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/dav/aaua/2004/00000090/00000004/art00006
Morse PM, Uno Ingard K (1986) Theoretical acoustics. Princeton University Press, Princeton. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3035602
Article Google Scholar
Münster M, Bader R, Richter J (2013) Eigenvalue shapes compared to forced oscillation patterns of guitars. In: Proceedings of meetings on acoustics, vol 19, no (1), p 035001. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4799103, https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4799103
Otondo F, Rindel JH (2004) The influence of the directivity of musical instrument in a room. Acta Acust United Acust 90:1178–1184. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/dav/aaua/2004/00000090/00000006/art00017
Otondo F, Rindel JH (2005) A new method for the radiation representation of musical instruments in auralization. Acta Acust United Acust 91:902–906. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/dav/aaua/2005/00000091/00000005/art00011
Pelzer S, Pollow M, Vorländer M (2012) Auralization of a virtual orchestra using directivities of measured symphonic instrument. In: Proceedings of the acoustics 2012 nantes conference, pp 2379–2384. http://www.conforg.fr/acoustics2012/cdrom/data/articles/000758.pdf
Pfeifle F (2016) Physical model real-time auralisation of musical instruments: analysis and synthesis. PhD thesis, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 7. http://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2016/7956/
Pierce AD (2007) Basic linear acoustics. In: Rossing TD (ed) Springer handbook of acoustics, Chap. 3. Springer, New York, pp 25–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30425-0_3
Chapter Google Scholar
Plath N, Pfeifle F, Koehn C, Bader R (2015) Microphone array measurements of the grand piano. In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V., Mores R (eds) Seminar des Fachausschusses Musikalische Akustik (FAMA): “Musikalische Akustik zwischen Empirie und Theorie”, Hamburg, pp 8–9. https://www.dega-akustik.de/fachausschuesse/ma/dokumente/tagungsband-seminar-fama-2015/
Pätynen J, Lokki T (2010) Directivities of symphony orchestra instruments. Acta Acust United Acust 96(1):138–167. https://doi.org/10.3813/aaa.918265
Article Google Scholar
Rabenstein R, Spors S, Steffen P (2006) Wave field synthesis techniques for spatial sound reproduction. In: Hänsler E, Schmidt G (eds) Topics in acoustic echo and noise control. Selected methods for the cancellation of acoustical echoes, the reduction of background noise, and speech processing, Signals and communication technology, Chap. 13. Springer, Berlin, pp 517–545
Google Scholar
Richter J, Münster M, Bader R (2013) Calculating guitar sound radiation by forward-propagating measured forced-oscillation patterns. Proc Mtgs Acoust 19(1):paper number 035002. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4799461
Roederer JG (2008) The physics and psychophysics of music, 4th edn. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09474-8
Book Google Scholar
Rossing TD (1990) The science of sound, 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley, Reading (Massachusetts)
Google Scholar
Saldner HO, Molin N-E, Jansson EV (1997) Sound distribution from forced vibration modes of a violin measured by reciprocal and tv holography. CAS J 3:10–16
Google Scholar
Schanz GW (1966) Stereo-Taschenbuch. Stereo-Technik für den Praktiker. Philips, Eindhoven
Google Scholar
Slavik KM, Weinzierl S (2008) Wiedergabeverfahren. In: Weinzierl S (ed) Handbuch der Audiotechnik, Chap. 11. Springer, Berlin, pp 609–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34301-1_11
Takada O, Bader R (2012) Body radiation patterns of singing voices. J Acoust Soc Am 131(4):3378. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4708738, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4708738
Teutsch H (2007) Modal array signal processing: principles and applications of acoustic wavefield decomposition. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-40896-3
Veronesi WA, Maynard JD (1989) Digital holographic reconstruction of sources with arbitrarily shaped surfaces. J Acoust Soc Am 85:588–598
Article Google Scholar
Vorländer M (2008) Auralization. Fundamentals of acoustics, modelling, simulation, algorithms and acoustic virtual reality. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48830-9
Warusfel O, Derogis P, Caussé R (1997) Radiation synthesis with digitally controlled loudspeakers. In: Audio engineering society convention 103, Sep 1997
Google Scholar
Wöhe W (1984) Grundgleichungen des schallfeldes und elementare ausbreitungsvorgänge. In: Fasold W, Kraak W, Schirmer W (eds) Taschenbuch Akustik. Teil 1, Chap. 1.2. Verlag Technik, Berlin, pp 23–31
Google Scholar
Williams EG (1999) Fourier acoustics. Sound radiation and nearfield acoustical holography. Academic Press, Cambridge
Chapter Google Scholar
Yang C, Chen J, Xue WF, Li JQ (2008) Progress of the patch near-field acoustical holography technique. Acta Acust United Acust 94(1):156–163. https://doi.org/10.3813/aaa.918018
Article Google Scholar
Ziemer T (2011) Wave field synthesis. Theory and application. (magister thesis), University of Hamburg
Google Scholar
Ziemer T (2014) Sound radiation characteristics of a shakuhachi with different playing techniques. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on musical acoustics (ISMA-14), Le Mans, pp 549–555. http://www.conforg.fr/isma2014/cdrom/data/articles/000121.pdf
Ziemer T (2015) Exploring physical parameters explaining the apparent source width of direct sound of musical instruments. In: Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Musikpsychologie, Oldenburg, Sep 2015, pp 40–41. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/304496623_Exploring_Physical_Parameters_Explaining_the_Apparent_Source_Width_of_Direct_Sound_of_Musical_Instruments
Ziemer T (2017) Source width in music production. Methods in stereo, ambisonics, and wave field synthesis. In: Schneider A (ed) Studies in musical acoustics and psychoacoustics, vol 4. Current research in systematic musicoogy, Chap. 10. Springer, Cham, pp 299–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47292-8_10
Google Scholar
Ziemer T (2018) Wave field synthesis. In: Bader R (ed) Springer handbook of systematic musicology, Chap. 18, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 175–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55004-5_18
Chapter Google Scholar
Ziemer T, Bader R (2015) Complex point source model to calculate the sound field radiated from musical instruments. In: Proceedings of meetings on acoustics, vol 25, Oct 2015. https://doi.org/10.1121/2.0000122
Ziemer T, Bader R (2017) Psychoacoustic sound field synthesis for musical instrument radiation characteristics. J Audio Eng Soc 65(6):482–496 https://doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2017.0014
Article Google Scholar
Zotter F (2009) Analysis and synthesis of sound-radiation with spherical arrays. PhD thesis, University of Music and Performing Arts, Graz
Google Scholar
Zotter F, Sontacchi A, Noisternig M, Höldrich R (2007) Capturing the radiation characteristics of the bonang barung. In: 3rd congress of the alps adria acoustics association, Graz
Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Institute of Systematic Musicology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Tim Ziemer

Authors

Tim Ziemer
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tim Ziemer .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ziemer, T. (2020). Spatial Sound of Musical Instruments. In: Psychoacoustic Music Sound Field Synthesis. Current Research in Systematic Musicology, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23033-3_5

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23033-3_5
Published: 07 August 2019
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-23032-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-23033-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics