Abstract
Astrocytes, a type of neuroglia, are heterogeneous cells, forming (together with oligodendrocytes and microglia) the gliocrine system, involved in maintaining homoeostatic balance in the brain. Gliocrine neuroglia operate as a secretory network which provides for humoural signalling in the brain and in the spinal cord. In this chapter, we first describe astroglial functions in health and disease and focus on the mechanisms of cytoplasmic ionic excitability. Then, we discuss responses of astroglia to pathological states and introduce the gliocrine secretory mechanisms and molecules released from astrocytes. Finally, we describe the physiology of vesicle-based secretion and conclude that vesicular mechanisms, previously considered to be an exclusive property of neurons in the brain, play an elaborated role in astroglial (patho)physiology, thus representing a basis for development of new neurological therapies aimed at astrocytes.
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Key References: See Main List for Reference Details
Key References: See Main List for Reference Details
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Gucek et al. (2016). These two papers, using membrane capacitance measurements, provide direct evidence, at single cell and single vesicle level, that regulated Ca2+-dependent exocytosis is present in astrocytes.
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Kreft et al. (2004). Properties of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis in cultured astrocytes Glia.
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Parpura et al. (1994). This paper identified astroglial glutamate release as a Ca2+-dependent process.
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Pekny et al. (2016). This paper presents a comprehensive view of the pathology-induced remodelling of astrocytes.
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Vardjan and Zorec (2015). This paper introduces the term “gliocrine”: To accommodate the multitude of glial time domain modes of communication, a more appropriate term than gliotransmission would be the gliocrine system. This is taken by analogy with the endocrine system, which provides homoeostatic control of bodily functions in a slower time scale versus the rapid responses of the nervous system.
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Verkhratsky and Nedergaard (2018). This excellent review provides comprehensive insight into the function of astrocytes.
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Verkhratsky, A., Zorec, R. (2020). Secretory Astrocytes. In: Lemos, J., Dayanithi, G. (eds) Neurosecretion: Secretory Mechanisms. Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology, vol 8. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22989-4_7
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