Abstract
The diversity of Filipinos is an outcome of migration, intermarriage, and centuries of colonialism. Classification and stratification of ethnic peoples according to differentiated physical features, social class, religion, language, and geopolitical location show that ethnic, racial, and national categories in Philippines contain historical, political, and socioeconomic meanings. Since independence, the Philippines has been preoccupied with building a nation-state with political institutions and legislations that raise the primacy of Filipino national identity. Recognizing ethnic diversity has become of marginal significance to the advancement of national integration and development. Nation-state enterprise has yet to incorporate people of mixed heritage. Nevertheless, notable institutional and legislative mechanisms have been introduced in recent years to measure mixedness in the Philippines to a certain extent. Ethnic codification, circulation of nationality data, and the Dual Nationality Act may be regarded as milestones in the census system. Local and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have played a crucial role in broadening recognition of people with mixed ethnic and racial identities. Certain structural changes and ethnographic surveys are necessary to effectively define and measure mixedness in the Philippines.
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Notes
- 1.
This is according to the CPH Form 2—Common Household Questions in Census 2010 done by Philippine Statistics Authority.
- 2.
Some of the notable media reports include the deportation of Filipino-Tongan player Asi Taulava, among many other Filipino-foreigners playing for the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) during the 1990–2000 crackdown on ‘Fil-Shams’ who failed to prove their Filipino citizenship. Similar incidents have occurred in beauty pageantry, resulting in dethronement of winners who are not Filipino citizens based on legal documents. Former Miss Universe Maria Venus Raj almost failed to compete in the international pageant due to inconsistent birth records.
- 3.
UNDP Philippines website.
- 4.
This term appeared on the 2002 ADB Report on Indigenous Peoples/Ethnic Minorities and Poverty Reduction: Philippines. No study was found about this identity concept.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Philippine Statistics Authority for the prompt response and sharing their statistics data with us. This chapter is a part of Hara’s research project of the Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists (#18 K12961) supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
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Hara, M., Celero, J.O. (2020). Mixed Racial and Ethnic Classification in the Philippines. In: Rocha, Z.L., Aspinall, P.J. (eds) The Palgrave International Handbook of Mixed Racial and Ethnic Classification. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22874-3_36
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